The Homeland Security And Risk Management Programs

The Homeland security has been faced with a multitude of threats as the United States encounters new enemies as well as ongoing natural disasters. Regarding the topic of risk management lays an intriguing question. This question is how to appropriately coordinate risk management programs while acknowledging elements of focus in regards to different assets and the manner in which these assets are used. The homeland security uses risk assessments on all areas, which this paper will be focusing on, to determine how to maintain the condition of an asset as well as assist it in maintaining its overall goal. This paper will discuss how the Homeland Security utilizes risk management programs, how this program benefits resource allocation/ grant awards and strategic planning. The risk management program has significantly aided in the homeland security mission acting as an effective algorithm. Homeland Security Risk Management The Homeland security agency uses the risk assessment to account for negative factors which may prove to be harmful to an asset. Given elements must be taken into account as well. For example, a company that may be operating overseas is more susceptible to possible threats such as terrorism, an unstable political system, religious or tribal conflict and even weather conditions (Decker, 2002). The Homeland Security directs, but is not limited to, these risk assessments towards the major private and public sectors it is responsible for, like D.O.E. or foodShow MoreRelatedRisk Management Within The Homeland Security1115 Words   |  5 Pages Risk management within the homeland security Dustin S. Smith American Military University Abstract The department of homeland security uses an equation that will assess our economy, actions, public affairs, natural occurrences, consequences, threat, and vulnerability of threats. 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However, with the policymakers recognizing the risk management, it helps them to make informed decisions, while Congress and the administration have charged federal agencies to use a risk-based move to prioritizeRead MoreStrategic Planning, Resource Allocation And Grant Funding1362 Words   |  6 Pagesat some point carries a certain level of risk based on a decision or choice made to meet a specific goal. Things taken for granted such as driving from one point to another or shopping at your local grocery store carry certain risk. The variables that affect the level of risk range from low to extreme. The issue with risk is there never is an absolute number of mitigating solutions that will neutralize risk 100% of the time. If something was essentially risk free, there would be no room for error orRead MoreRisk Management Within The Homeland Security Enterprise1245 Words   |  5 PagesRisk Management within the Homeland Security Enterprise Risk has been defined as the likelihood of a specific outcome and the results or consequences of that specific outcome (Masse, O’Neil, Rollins, 2007). Risk is inherent to every facet of life. There are risks involved in the mundane of driving down the road or walking on a sidewalk. Certain factors are added which increases the risk of conducting these mundane tasks. For example, driving at a high rate of speed during a rain storm exponentiallyRead MoreThe Government Accountability Office : A Challenge For The Congress And The Administration1313 Words   |  6 Pagespractice of effective risk management is a challenge for the Congress and the administration. Risk management is a strategic process of helping policymakers to make decisions about assessing risk, and having limited allocating resources in taking actions under conditions of uncertainty (GAO, 2008). However, with the policymakers recognizing the risk management, it helps them to make informed decisions, while Congress and the administration have charged federal agencies to use a risk-based move to prioritizeRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security1258 Words   |  6 PagesPublic University System The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Risk Lexicon (2010) states that â€Å"risk is a key organizing principle for homeland security strategies, programs, efforts, and activities† (p. 1). This means that risk management is a decision making tool that allows for the DHS to intelligently and efficiently make planning choices based on threat level priorities. Some of the choices that are made using risk management are where to allocate both physical and financial resourcesRead MoreManaging A Strong Risk Management Program Essay983 Words   |  4 Pagesinevitable. In in order to maintain resilience it is important to establish a strong risk management program. It can be difficult to conceptualize risk management as a program and a framework. It is first important to identify the critical infrastructure and key resources that require risk reduction and the mitigation of consequences. In this essay we will examine how risk management is used by the homeland security enterpri se, and how that use benefits such aspects as resource allocation, strategic

People Whose Native Language Is Not English Free Essays

People whose native language is not English, but who wish to learn English as a second language, must learn English as a new language, as a skill, as an additional means of communication. They have to learn how to pronounce strange words, and which syllables to emphasise, and what rhythms and tonal pitches should be used. But people whose mother tongue is English do not have to go to school to learn these things, they learn it automatically, from their parents, their relatives, their friends and from everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on People Whose Native Language Is Not English or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, they do not have to ‘learn’ the grammar structure, or the various forms for past, present and future tenses; they just acquire that ability subconsciously and instinctively, from sheer exposure to the language; they do not consciously ‘know’ the rules of grammar, and they probably could not even explain them. By the age of three, or maybe even earlier, they just automatically know what words to use in many situation and what form those words should take. However, later, as part of their formal educational training, they will have ‘English’ lessons at school, along with other subjects such as Geography and History and Mathematics etc. They may be given writing practice, and the opportunities to read literature that will expand their communication and learning skills. They will be encouraged to read and write stories and poetry, and will be given opportunities to become more and more familiar with their native tongue and how it is used in different ways to communicate information and ideas. They do not need to learn to ‘understand’ the English language. They can already do that, but by doing ‘English’ as a school subject, they will expand their vocabulary; discover alternative, and maybe better, ways to express themselves. In doing so, any little ‘mistakes’ in their English will be corrected along the way. ) SUMMARY †¢Those who are learning English as a ‘second language’ are learning it as an entirely new language. It is not easy to do this, but well worth the effort. †¢Native-English speakers do not have to learn ‘English’, they already ‘know’ English! But, by learning English as a school subject, their natural ‘English’ is enhanced and developed. How to cite People Whose Native Language Is Not English, Essay examples

Language Arts Development Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Language Arts Development Persuasive Essay Teachers should make reading fun and easy to motivate the learners. Words should be written side by side With pictures. For instance the picture of a cat should be drawn next to the word cat. This will help the kids to memorize the spelling of the word. Whenever the child is unable to read a word, he or she can look at the picture and remember its name. Teachers should also facilitate reading skills by starting from simple words or vowels to the complex ones. Writing Writing is very complex in small children. Some elementary children have a big robber in writing words correctly. Teachers have a great role to play in assisting students in writing. Teachers can hold a students hand when showing him or her how to write a particular letter, In addition, the teaching process should be at a slow pace(Day, 2011). The teacher should ensure that all pupils are able to write the taught letter or number before moving to the next one, The teacher to appreciate the students should also use encouragement and motivation. Whenever a child makes an achievement, the teacher should recommend and appreciate the student. Speaking Children start speaking at different times. Others are fast While Others are slower. When at school, teachers should ensure that she communicates with each child. Games should be encouraged in school to encourage colonization among the students. The more the children interact with each other, the faster they develop their speech. Teachers should also use songs in their classes. Through singing the children will learn how to pronounce words correctly. Mimicry of the childs wrong pronounced words should be avoided. By mimicking, the student Will antique pronouncing the word incorrectly. The teacher should however correct the student by pronouncing the word correctly (Hurwitz, 2007). Listening Listening is another vital area in childs development. The teacher should maintain eye contact with the children when speaking to them. This makes the kids to be attentive to what the teacher is taking about. The teacher can also use visual aids to improve the children listening skills. The teacher can call out a name of an object and then tell the children to raise it up. This method will also id in developing the tine motor skills tot the kids (Day, 2011). Viewing When children are born, they frequently turn their eyes to the direction of light. At this stage, there brain is not able to create full images. At elementary level, the children can now view an object and identify it (Hurwitz, 2007). Teachers can show images on the chart board and ask the kids to identify them. Images should be in a comfortable distance where all kids can view them without straining. Visual representing Elementary children love visual representation more than reading. However, the visual representations should be made With creativity. Teachers should use colors and clay during this period. Teachers can also draw objects and instruct the kids to color them. This method enhances creativity and fine motor skills in children (Day, 2011). In conclusion, elementary school teachers should be very creative and patient when teaching. They should also identify each childs area of weakness and strength. Proper planning and organization is also required in teaching elementary children.

Persuasive Speech Money Is Not Everything Essay Example

Persuasive Speech Money Is Not Everything Essay The curriculum and the hidden curriculum The culture of schools and social interaction in classroom Language and culture as dimensions of social inequality in education systems The influence of peer groups Submitted by: Mrs Shalini Ramdhean-Goburdhun PGCE Social Sciences Part time To : Mr OM Varma Date: 29. 10. 09 Table of content pages The curriculum and the hidden curriculum3 Three elements of education3 Definition of formal curriculum3Definition of informal curriculum 4 †¢ Hidden curriculum at school †¢ The content of hidden curriculum 5 The culture of schools and social interaction in classroom The school and the classroom6 †¢ Middle class knowledge 6 †¢ Culture clash 6 †¢ Teachers’ attitudes 8 †¢Institutional racism 9 †¢ Streaming 9 †¢ labeling and the self fulfilling prophecy 10 Language and culture as dimensions of social inequality in education systems †¢ Language 11 †¢ The school ‘counter culture’ 12The in fluence of peer groups †¢ Peer group 13 Glossary 14 References 15 The curriculum and the hidden curriculum Education comprises of three elements: †¢ Knowledge about the world †¢ Skills for employment †¢ Values and attitudes which people take into their adult lives.There is a debate about whether the knowledge, attitudes and skills benefit individuals or only the interests of the more powerful group in society. At school, students learn about the formal curriculum and informal curriculum. Both curriculums are equally important for the development of individuals. These curriculums produce knowledge, attitudes and skills within an individual. Definition of formal curriculum The formal curriculum (also known as the official curriculum) consists of areas of academic knowledge which pupils are expected to obtain.For example, it is the form of schooling, rules and disciplines, academic subjects, activities, syllabus and so on. The academic qualification is given more im portance and it helps to produce expertise individuals. Definition of informal curriculum The informal curriculum (also known as hidden curriculum) is the teaching of values, attitudes, and behaviour through the school’s organization and teachers’ attitudes. These values and attitudes are implicitly conveyed to pupils. Sometimes, the messages transmitted as a result of its organization and practices are more powerful than the content of subjects.It acts as an agency of social control and creates an acceptance of the school’s and hence society’s, promotes the recognition of authority structure. It does not form part of the formal timetable. It takes place outside particular subjects and lessons, as a general part of the school life. The school acts as important agencies of social control. It persuades children to learn and conform to the dominant values and norms expected by society. This is mainly carried out through hidden curriculum.Since there are no o bvious, systematized courses in obedience and conformity like academic subjects, the teaching of these values and attitudes is hidden. The young people learn about a wide range of issues from gender to ethnicity and social class. Some claim that extremes of wealth and poverty are normal and should simply be accepted. Hidden curriculum at school In school we are taught subjects. But, we learn much more than what we are taught formally at school. What are these extras? They are about socialising individuals or pupils into norms, values and beliefs; or getting them to take up the ideology of wider capitalist society.This picture shows the path of socialisation [pic] Adrian Worsfold The content of hidden curriculum [pic] The culture of schools and social interaction in classroom The school and the classroom Middle class knowledge Sociologist such as Young argued that middle classes have a monopoly on knowledge. They are the one more likely to succeed in education and they are in a posit ion to decide what is important and not important. Some subjects are viewed as worthy of the schools and others are viewed as low status subjects.This is where the middle class culture and working class culture divides. The middle class culture values years of study of abstract knowledge, but whereas the working classes are more prone to study skills which can provide them with immediate gratification. Students who conform to the teachers ideas are more likely to do well at school. Those who reject the ideas of teachers are considered as the trouble makers. In other words if teachers’ ideas are challenged, it is viewed as deviance or lack of respect of teachers. The brightest students accept the authority of teachers.The rebel students or working class students always create troubles in class and they incessantly argue about the usefulness of studying. They represent the failures at school. The working class failure is produced at school and the interaction between teachers a nd students help to maintain the failures of a particular group. Thus the middle class control and define knowledge for the middle class while rejecting the working class. Culture clash †¢ Middle class and working class Schools are generally middle class institutions. They point out the value of many aspects of the middle class way of life.For example, the importance of hard work and study, sacrifices now for the future rewards, manners, and language use, and so on. For the middle class, school is an institution which is quite familiar with their way of living. The school greets the middle class as an extension of their home life, and they may start school already ‘tuned in’ to the atmosphere of the school. The adaptation of the middle class at school poses no problems and hence they easily get along with the subjects, doing homework, seeking good marks and cooperate with teachers and so on. As a result, the teacher considers them to be intelligent and classy.The w orking class children are disadvantaged at school as they are always compared to the middle class children. They are unfamiliar with the atmosphere of the school and thus behave differently. Consequently, this results in a culture clash where the working class values are in conflict with the middle class values. This can further explain the underachievement of the working class students. Teachers’ attitudes, institutional racism, streaming, labeling and the self fulfilling prophecy i) Teachers’ attitudes Teachers’ attitudes are important to encourage students and give them an appropriate feedback on their abilities.Studies showed that in institutions where white teachers are working, they tend to discriminate between the minority groups and lower the expectations of their ability. Some sociologists suggest that white teachers have hidden prejudices and they treat black children in a different way. Researches conducted suggest that there are other factors which i nfluenced teachers’ judgments of pupils’ ability. For example, teachers are highly influenced by the standards of behaviour, dress, speech and the social class background of pupils and their home environment. Teachers are middle class nd children from middle class have the same standards and values. The middle class students are more likely to be seen by teachers as more cooperative and brighter than those from working class homes. ii) Institutional racism The commission for Racial Equality in Britain has suggested that institutional racism exists in British schools. The schools expect students to behave and adopt the white and European values and those who behave differently are considered as the troublemakers. Subjects such as History or Literature English highlight the success of white British People. ii) Streaming In CPE, there was streaming at schools. Streaming or banding is a system to group pupils in a class or school according to their predicted ability. Teach ers have to differentiate between the bright and dull students based on their ability and regroup them in different sections. Teachers think that the working class students are less intelligent because of their home background. Since teachers judgments have an impact on students performance, the working class students are hence disadvantaged and are found in the lower streams in schools.For Colin Lacey (1970), he saw the negative effect of streaming common in grammar schools where lower-stream boys were pushed into petty jobs such as working in the coffee bars and so on. Lacey found that in a mixed ability school, students are given more opportunities to succeed and an improvement is noticed in the performance of the dull students in exams, although the most able registered no change. iv) Labeling and self-fulfilling prophecy It is inevitable to apply labels to people. When we meet people, we often make judgment about them on the basis of little information.Labeling can affect a stu dent’s performance in class. Based on teachers’ judgment or assumptions, students are labeled as bright or lazy or as troublemakers. Once students are labeled, it is hard to remove the tag. They are condemned and simply act according to the label. The labeled students act accordingly and become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Such predictions and labeling can affect an individual’s view of himself or herself, and have a negative impact on their self esteem based on the label attached.Once placed in bottom stream, pupils may take on the characteristics expected of them by teachers. They are always the first one to be suspected when something goes wrong whereas the bright students gain confidence. Middle-class children continue to control the higher streams, thus creating working class underachievement in the education system. Even peer group has the power to define or label peers and these tags are considered as important as the teachers’ judgement. But teache rs’ judgments may differ from those of students.A teacher can apply a positive label to students such as being bright but the same is regarded and labeled differently as earoles or licker by peers. The trouble makers may be popular among their peers and dominate the groups by labeling students. Language and culture as dimensions of social inequality in education systems Language Language is very important at school and can decide about success or failure of students. Reading, writing, speaking and understanding, all form parts of language. Students coming from different social class background communicate in another way and they are judged by teachers in a different way.Bernstein argues that there is a relationship between language use and social class, and that the language used by the middle class is more accepted and lead towards success at school than the language used by the working class. He pointed out that there are two types of language used by students. One is the e laborated code where it is used by students coming from middle class background and the restricted code for the working class. Restricted code is less grammatical and explicit detail is unnecessary. According to Bernstein, this type of language is used by both middle class and working class pupils.The middle class pupils make use of this type of language among friends and use elaborated language in any formal situations. The working class students are limited to the restricted code which is not welcomed at schools among teachers. Elaborated code is the language which is more detailed and giving references with a full understanding of any situation. It is used in some formal context, where explanation and detail are required-like and interview for a job, writing a business letter, writing an essay or examination answer, or in a school lesson or textbook.Bernstein argues that the language used in schools is the elaborated code. The middle class child’s ability to use the elabor ated code gives him an advantage at school over working-class children. The elaborated code of the middle class is more useful in understanding textbooks and writing essays and examination questions require full understanding and explanation which is found mainly in the formal language of the elaborated code. The middle class children find school more familiar and easier to adapt as their day to day language at home is used as a mode of communication.Thus the working class children are disadvantaged by using the restricted code only. In addition, the teacher underestimates the ability of working class students for their restricted use of language. The self-fulfilling prophecy may then come into effect. The school ‘counter culture’ †¢ Lads and earoles †¢ The anti school sub culture Paul Willis argued that the school has develop a counter culture and those coming from working class are more likely to maintain such a culture and are considered as the non conformi sts.These pupils want to spice up their life by annoying teachers and turn the expectations of teachers upside down. They label students who are favoured by teachers as earoles or lobes. They consider themselves as lads. These pupils often rebel against the school and develop an alternative set of values, attitudes and behaviour in opposition to the aims of the school. This is called an anti-school sub-culture, and provides a means for bottom-stream pupils to achieve some success and status in their peer group.They from a small, extreme group and create a cultural space for themselves. Among such pupils, truancy, playing up teachers, messing about, breaking the school rules, and generally disrupting the smooth running of the school become a way of rebelling against the system and resisting a schooling which has labeled them as failures and denied them status. Bottom-stream pupils are very often working class and such pupils will often be found in the anti-school sub-culture. They th en themselves reject the school which has already rejected them as failures and thick.This almost guarantees their failure in education, as they look forward to leaving school at the earliest possible opportunity, often before taking any ‘O Level’ qualifications. The influence of peer groups Peer group A peer group is a group of people of similar age and status with whom a person mixes socially. At school the peer group plays an important role and has an impact on students attitudes. Students tend to gain acceptance among their peers by conforming to the norms of their peer group. However, conformity to the peer group may also promote deviance.Peer pressure may encourage them to adopt forms of deviant behaviour, such as playing truant from school, taking illegal drugs, or under-age drinking. High value is attributed to hard work, good behavior and exam success at school. Labeling and self fulfilling prophecy divides pupils between success and failure. The bottom stream students often rebel against the school and develop an alternative set of values, attitudes and behaviour. This is called the anti school sub-culture. It gives the bottom stream students some success and status in their peer groups. They themselves reject the school which has already rejected them as failures.This guarantees their failure in education. David Hargreaves argued that there are two main types of school subcultures. The top of the streaming system form academic culture which values hard work, compliance with authority and being turned out. At the other end, there is a subculture which values breaking rules and fighting, smoking, annoying the teachers and bending dress codes. Glossary Curriculum-A curriculum is prescriptive, and is based on a more general syllabus which merely specifies what topics must be understood and to what level to achieve a particular grade or standard-Hidden curriculum-The hidden curriculum is a term to used to describe the unwritten social rules and expectations of behavior that we all seem to know, but were never taught (Bieber, 1994). Formal curriculum- The desired curriculum based on national objectives and views of educators and experts in the discipline Immediate gratification- the pleasure principle strives to fulfill our most basic and primitive urges, Authority- refers to a claim of legitimacy, the justification and right to exercise that powerCulture clash- culture clash is when two or more cultures disagree about there believe or way of life. It is the misunderstandings, and disagreements between different cultures. Prejudices- An adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge or examination of the facts. Institutional racism- is any form of racism occurring specifically within institutions such as public government bodies, private business corporations, and universities (public and private). Streaming- meant splitting pupils into several different hierarchical groups which would stay together for all lessons.Banding- involved putting pupils into broad ability bands and was often used to ensure each school in an area had pupils representing a reasonable balance of each ability level. Self-fulfilling prophecy- Self-fulfilling prophecy is a phenomenon by which people’s expectations about the future events lead them to behave in particular ways that, on occasion, can cause the expected event to occur. Language barrier- is used primarily to indicate the difficulties faced when people, who have no language in common, attempt to communicate with each other.Restricted code- The restricted code is suitable for insiders who share assumptions and understanding on the topic Elaborated code- elaborated code is more explicit, more thorough, and does not require the listener to read between the lines. Peer group- A peer group is a social group consisting of people who are equal in such respects as age, education or social class. Subcultures- a subculture is a group of people wit h a culture (whether distinct or hidden) which differentiates them from the larger culture to which they belong ReferencesBlundell, J Active Sociology for GCSE 2001, Longman Brown, K An introduction to Sociology, 3rd Edition 2005, Blackwell Moore, S Sociology Alive, 3rd Edition 2001, Nelson Thornes Wilson, P Kidd, A Sociology for GCSE 1998, Harper Collins Hidden curriculum Controlling boredom Studies showed that students complain about lesson to be boring and so on. Even in workplace, these complain are made. At school, students learn that boredom is natural at school and workplace. According to Paul Willis, when students create problems at school12BDEPRuy! %4  E*RUs’†Ã‚ · OOoC D â‚ ¬ ? ~ †¡ u # e f g they are actually just making life bearable. They are learning how to deal with very boring employment later in life. Race Schools and teachers might be neutral towards racism, but the curriculum or the school materials reinforces these ideas. For example, cert ain topics stress the white culture and the rejection of other cultures. Accepting authority Students are given a whole list of rules and disciplines at school. They are provided with no other option but to obey these rules and disciplines.They are being sanctioned whenever disobeyed. It prepares them to accept the rules and laws of the wider society. Gender The gender attitudes are strengthened at school giving opportunities to students to do subjects which are categorized specifically for male and female. Female students are supported to go for caring profession and male students are guided towards technical and science subjects. Hierarchy Schools teach students about hierarchy, those having more power will be placed at the top and those those having less power will be placed at the bottom.It reinforces the idea of social hierarchy and allows students for a better preparation for their future workplace. Powerlessness Students are encouraged to engage in classroom discussion to dea l with certain problem and so on. But whenever the school is concerned and money or about any decision making, students have no say in the system. Students learn about their powerlessness in future life. Inequality Schools educate that some students are brighter than others and they are rewarded with greater status and with awards of various kinds. Thus it legitimates the inequality of rewards .

D&M Pyramid on Mars essays

D&M Pyramid on Mars essays D In 1976, the Viking mission to Mars obtained images of the Martian surface of an area known as the Cydonia. In analyzing these images, Vincent DiPietro and Gregory Molenaar, image interpreters from NASA, discovered an unusual formation in the form of a human face, dubbed The Face. While some believed that this was an ancient, artificially created structure, many dismissed it as a natural formation. Inspired by these findings, astronomer and former NASA consultant Richard C. Hoagland organized theIndependent Mars Investigation? in 1983 to further study and analyze the images obtained from the Viking mission. In the investigation, Hoagland discovered and studied other formations inconsistent with Martian geology including theCity?, a cluster polyhedral objects with a rectangular arrangement and a center of axis pointing at the face, and the D The D&M pyramid has been studied by a number of scientists who have considered the different natural processes that could have caused the formation. These processes are fluvial de...

Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin

Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin In 1928, bacteriologist Alexander Fleming made a chance discovery from an already discarded, contaminated Petri dish. The mold that had contaminated the experiment turned out to contain a powerful antibiotic, penicillin. However, though Fleming was credited with the discovery, it was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the miracle drug that has helped save millions of lives. Dirty Petri Dishes On a September morning in 1928, Alexander Fleming sat at his workbench at St. Marys Hospital after having just returned from a vacation at the Dhoon (his country house) with his family. Before he had left on vacation, Fleming had piled a number of his Petri dishes to the side of the bench so that Stuart R. Craddock could use his workbench while he was away. Back from vacation, Fleming was sorting through the long unattended stacks to determine which ones could be salvaged. Many of the dishes had been contaminated. Fleming placed each of these in an ever-growing pile in a tray of Lysol. Looking for a Wonder Drug Much of Flemings work focused on the search for a wonder drug. Though the concept of bacteria had been around since Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first described it in 1683, it wasnt until the late nineteenth century that Louis Pasteur confirmed that bacteria caused diseases. However, though they had this knowledge, no one had yet been able to find a chemical that would kill harmful bacteria but also not harm the human body. In 1922, Fleming made an important discovery, lysozyme. While working with some bacteria, Flemings nose leaked, dropping some mucus onto the dish. The bacteria disappeared. Fleming had discovered a natural substance found in tears and nasal mucus that helps the body fight germs. Fleming now realized the possibility of finding a substance that could kill bacteria but not adversely affect the human body. Finding the Mold In 1928, while sorting through his pile of dishes, Flemings former lab assistant, D. Merlin Pryce stopped by to visit with Fleming. Fleming took this opportunity to gripe about the amount of extra work he had to do since Pryce had transferred from his lab. To demonstrate, Fleming rummaged through the large pile of plates he had placed in the Lysol tray and pulled out several that had remained safely above the Lysol. Had there not been so many, each would have been submerged in Lysol, killing the bacteria to make the plates safe to clean and then reuse. While picking up one particular dish to show Pryce, Fleming noticed something strange about it. While he had been away, a mold had grown on the dish. That in itself was not strange. However, this particular mold seemed to have killed the Staphylococcus aureus that had been growing in the dish. Fleming realized that this mold had potential. What Was That Mold? Fleming spent several weeks growing more mold and trying to determine the particular substance in the mold that killed the bacteria. After discussing the mold with mycologist (mold expert) C. J. La Touche who had his office below Flemings, they determined the mold to be a Penicillium mold. Fleming then called the active antibacterial agent in the mold, penicillin. But where did the mold come from? Most likely, the mold came from La Touches room downstairs. La Touche had been collecting a large sampling of molds for John Freeman, who was researching asthma, and it is likely that some floated up to Flemings lab. Fleming continued to run numerous experiments to determine the effect of the mold on other harmful bacteria. Surprisingly, the mold killed a large number of them. Fleming then ran further tests and found the mold to be non-toxic. Could this be the wonder drug? To Fleming, it was not. Though he saw its potential, Fleming was not a chemist and thus was unable to isolate the active antibacterial element, penicillin, and could not keep the element active long enough to be used in humans. In 1929, Fleming wrote a paper on his findings, which did not garner any scientific interest. 12 Years Later In 1940, the second year of World War II, two scientists at Oxford University were researching promising projects in bacteriology that could possibly be enhanced or continued with chemistry. Australian Howard Florey and German refugee Ernst Chain began working with penicillin. Using new chemical techniques, they were able to produce a brown powder that kept its antibacterial power for longer than a few days. They experimented with the powder and found it to be safe. Needing the new drug immediately for the war front, mass production started quickly. The availability of penicillin during World War II saved many lives that otherwise would have been lost due to bacterial infections in even minor wounds. Penicillin also treated diphtheria, gangrene, pneumonia, syphilis, and tuberculosis. Recognition Though Fleming discovered penicillin, it took Florey and Chain to make it a usable product. Though both Fleming and Florey were knighted in 1944 and all three of them (Fleming, Florey, and Chain) were awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Fleming is still credited for discovering penicillin.

Multple choice take home test Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multple choice take home test - Essay Example because they are all Muslims, Asian families are larger than both White or Afro Caribbean families - 75% have 5 or more members - patrilineal and patrilocal. There is little variation between sub communities and women are mostly confined to the home and "homework". basically, deficit theory says that some people are just stupider than others - ie they lack intelligence - and reproduction theory simply builds on this, arguing that schooling has to be organised around such manifest and unalterable differences. deficit theory reveals the fact that lower socio economic groups are systematically disadvantaged with respect to educational resources, and reproduction theory shows how these disadvantages have persisted as a result of policy failure. deficit theory reveals the fact that lower socio economic groups are systematically disadvantaged with respect to educational resources which implies the problem could be fixed by switching resources to areas of need, whereas reproduction theorists, like Murphy, insist it is not a resource, but a motivational problem, and lower socio economic groups are just not interested in more schooling! deficit theory assumes that currently "failing" kids could succeed if only they adopted the requisite - ie middle class - values, skills and motivations etc, whereas Reproduction Theory insists that since schools are set up to "reproduce" class privilege, such kids will always "fail". Goldthorpe shows that the number of "branching points" in educational decision making are critical in the reproduction of class differentials, comprehensive education, favoured by the Swedes, reduces the number of branching points. Educational differentials reflect class differences in cost benefit evaluations of educational options. The example of Sweden is significant because there the reduction of class educational differentials was accompanied by

A Survey of Language and Literacy (L&L) Programs Research Paper - 1

A Survey of Language and Literacy (L&L) Programs - Research Paper Example This is a program whose main intent is to focus indirectly or directly on economic, social, or inequalities that are political between two parties by literacy. Literacy, in this respect, is referred as a type of knowledge. It allows one to access extensive reservoirs of knowledge thus the saying that knowledge is power (Whitehead 12). In many situations, if one compares the illiterate and literate groups, those individuals who are literate always have an advantage over those individuals who are not. When illiteracy is institutionalized, literacy would be extremely powerful and a liberator who is remarkably effective thus a form of empowerment. In reality, all programs of literacy have a component of empowerment. In this program, empowerment is distinguished since it is a central program’s feature.Empowerment literacy program has some conditions that are normally used in determining its choice. These conditions include An elite that is educated or rather a class considered as a middle class takes advantage of a group that is seen to be disadvantaged preliterate or semiliterate group. A community sector like certain groups clan has opportunities that are limited due to a limited access to literacy that could be intentional. A given community may be politically or socially dominated on the language basis and on education access. In this regard, illiteracy may block efforts of improving welfare and health of the masses thus limiting the meaning of any efforts towards a change that is political.

Tivo Marketing Case Analysis Essay Example for Free

Tivo Marketing Case Analysis Essay The disappointing sales performance during the Christmas 1999 season ended up being a priceless lesson for TiVo’s marketing team: it was the catalyst that created the need for a TiVo’s new communications strategy. However, defining this new marketing campaign was challenging, especially after the feedback received about the product indicated issues like limited awareness and hard-to-communicate functionalities. The main focus of this new marketing campaign is to select a positioning strategy that will speed up the adoption of TiVo among consumers. The marketing team has three options on how to position TiVo: 1) as an enhanced digital video recorder, 2) as a product that gives viewers the ability to create their own television network, 3) or as a super VCR. I recommend that they position TiVo as the super VCR that gives users a unique TV experience. Analysis TiVo’s potential goes beyond the introduction of an innovative electronics product; it has the power to change the habit of how Americans watch television. So far TiVo’s penetration has been extremely limited, many consumers are not aware of its existence, and at the point-of-sale, the salespeople are encountering difficulties in explaining the benefits of the product. Moreover, TiVo represented a totally new innovative product that targeted the enhancement of television viewing, which was clearly not on anyone’s priority list. To communicate TiVo’s advantages, the marketing team has considered using different advertising sources for different purposes. However, this approach eliminates the possibility of communicating a consistent message across all potential buyers. Without a consistent message, consumers will be confused of what TiVo truly represents. Most consumers are aware of what a VCR is, so positioning TiVo as the super VCR would make it easier for consumers to associate it with a familiar product and its functions. If the message behind TiVo focuses on providing users with the ultimate television experience, consumers are likely to be curious about what this super VCR is all about. It indirectly encourages consumers to try this state-of-the-arte innovation. The drawback of positioning TiVo as an enhanced digital video recorder is that consumers can view it as an extremely high technological innovation, not suitable for a typical household, but apt for technologically savvy consumers. Digital recorders are a relatively new innovation, with a limited awareness and familiarity among consumers. It narrows TiVo’s ability to reach a wider range of consumers. Positioning TiVo as a product that allows any user to program his or her own TV network not only focuses on one of the many features of TiVo, but the idea behind it is too abstract. TiVo’s relative advantage is high, as its innovation is significantly better than the products it is replacing, specially the regular VCR. Before TiVo, the average household spent more than 7 hours watching TV. TiVo’s intent is to make television viewing a lot more enjoyable, making it a totally new experience. Thus, its functionality is highly compatible with the existing consumer behavior. However, due to the many benefits the product offers, many consumers have difficulty understanding all the benefits of the product. Some users even had trouble using the system, which is not very easy to use; therefore its complexity is high. The trialability of TiVo is low, since the product can be experimented most of the time either in retail stores through a demonstration or through the online demo available at TiVo’s website. TiVo’s observability is currently low, since many consumers have a lack of awareness of its existence. Finally, the risk involved with TiVo’s launching is high, as there is an important amount of capital committed to the success of the project. TiVo’s proposed positioning as the super VCR can be analyzed with the Marketing Mix analysis. Product. TiVo, the super VCR, is the first digital video recorder that empowers television viewers to create their own personal television network. Viewers can pause live television to attend interruptions such as phone calls or unexpected visits. It gives viewers the freedom to watch whichever program they want, whenever they want. With TiVo’s capacity to store up to 30 hours of recorded television, users reduce the hassle of using videotapes to record television programs. Users virtually eliminate the possibility of missing their favorite shows, since they can set-up TiVo to record them. With these aforementioned features, TiVo will revolutionize the way Americans view television. Price. The current price of $999 for the 30-hour TiVo box is extremely high. It can easily discourage any early adopter or a TV addict. Hence, the marketing team should reduce the price to $399, even lower if financially viable. The more attractive the ticket (i. e. TiVo Box) for the ultimate TV experience, the easier consumers will be lured in. The service fee structure seems at a very reasonable price, it requires no major price adjustments. Place. Electronic retail stores, such as Best Buy, Circuit City, and Sears serve as the best channels to sell the product. It is imperative that the marketing team develops a training program for the sales force of those retail outlets. Many consumers will have their first TiVo experience in a retail store; hence, the salespeople must be prepared to demonstrate the benefits of TiVo in a flawless way. The internet should be used as another channel to sell the product, especially the TiVo website, where it must have a friendly-user demo, so customers can interact with TiVo. Promotion. Consistency is the key to launch a successful communication strategy across the different media sources. The marketing team should focus on attractive ways to create the need and dependency of TiVo. Offering a 30-day free trial for the TiVo recorder and service is an excellent way to allow consumers to fully experience TiVo’s benefits. Presenting testimonials of TiVo users about their positive experiences with the product stimulates the curiosity among consumers who want to know what the super VCR really does. Recommendation Positioning the TiVo as the super VCR that provides the ultimate TV experience will speed up the adoption of this innovative product. This theme stimulates a very particular interest among those who consider watching television as a means of entertainment. Moreover, delivering this message builds on TiVo’s brand identity, which can be associated with the innovative super VCR that changed an old-fashioned lifestyle. TiVo is more than the first digital video recorder that gave consumers the opportunity to develop their own personal television network; it is the super VCR that is making the habit of watching TV as the ultimate experience.

Free College Admissions Essays: Psychology :: College Admissions Essays

College Essay about Psychology    Some say that mankind is complex beyond comprehension. I cannot, of course, speak for every other individual on this earth, but I do not believe that I am a very difficult person to understand. My life is based upon two very simple, sweeping philosophies: pragmatism in actions and idealism in thought. Thus, with these two attitudes, I characterize myself.    Pragmatism in actions. I believe utterly in one of those old cliches: we are given only a limited time upon this earth and every moment wasted is lost forever. Therefore, I do not engage in those things that I view as useless. The next question is obvious. What do I view as useless? In reality, perhaps too many things and definitely too many to address in one essay. However, I can indulge in the discussion of a few. Hate is a wasted emotion. Hate accomplishes nothing. It does not relieve hunger. It does not alleviate pain. It creates only avoidable aggression. I do not believe in any kind of hate, including prejudice and racism. My energies and time can be better spent elsewhere. Anger too. What does anger do? Nothing. It frustrates us and aggravates us, and we can avoid it. Being frustrated is not a pleasing experience for me. When I was young, or rather, when I was younger than I am now, I would explode at the smallest disturbances (I'm sorry mom and dad). Now, I have realized that anger is a waste of time, and I no longer have a temper to lose. I would much rather wallow in happiness. And in my happiness, I do not worry much over my image in the eyes of others. The important word here is much, for there are opinions of certain individuals about which I do care a great deal, but these are few. They include my family, my close friends, and those who possess the power to affect my life significantly (for example, university admissions officers). Otherwise, I pay no attention to whispers behind my back or vague rumors circulating in the air above. As long as I know the truth, however harsh it may be, and those that I care about know the truth, I am not troubled. The masses may think as they wish. They are entitled. As can probably be observed from this essay thus far, my outlook on life saves me more than a bit of stress.

How to help Children Feel Welcomed and Valued in My Setting Essay

Some of the children we look after are with us for a large amount of time which means we should create an environment that makes them feel welcome comfortable and valued. Here are some things to think about that will help you to create this kind of environment. Greeting Greetings are socially important. Always acknowledge a child’s arrival to welcome them in. This will help a child to feel more comfortable about coming in and leaving their parents/carer. Helping Children to have their own spaces Children feel most comfortable in certain areas. Let children find their own space and choose where they want to play. Children like to have special things that belong to just them. At junglers children have their own coat peg and draw for their belongings. Encourage children to make choices It is important that children are given some opportunities to make their own choices. This gives them a sense of control. Let children decide what they want to play with, let them decide what chair they want to sit on at meal times etc. Involve children in decision making Helping children to make their own decisions helps to build their self esteem and contributes to their emotional well being. It also helps to build stronger relationships. Encouraging children to make decisions is not about giving them control its about involving them. Negotiate with Children Negotiation is a life skill. Children learn it by being given the opportunity to practise it. This is not about giving children their own way but about showing them that you are listening to their view points and finding solutions to problems together. It also prevents children feeling excluded and powerless. It is important however for children to know what their boundaries or constraints are. Respect children as individuals Recognise children as individuals. Children have different strengths talents and interests. They also respond in different ways. You can help build on a child’s individuality by recognising their interests and encouraging them to build upon them. Talking is an invaluable tool. Let children talk to you about everything and anything and show them that you are interested in what they are saying. This will help you find out what makes that child special. Communicating with children Communication comes in many forms, talking listening, body language and facial expressions are just a few. Be clear with children so they know what is expected of them. Think about children’s language levels and needs. Communicate with them in a way that is appropriate and a way they will understand. Don’t be sarcastic and keep sentences to the point. Avoid confusion by meaning exactly what you say and make sure you have a child’s attention before you start to tell them something.

European Exploration and Trade

There was once a time in our history, before computerized maps and satellites and tracking programs. Sailors had to guide themselves by the stars and very basic and inaccurate maps. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in Europe there was advancement in technology and learning that led to widespread exploration and trade among countries. The introduction of the compass, advancements in cartography, the printing press, and other inventions led to increased trade and exploration throughout Europe.Before the fifteenth century, sailors often didn’t venture far from what they knew because maps were extremely inaccurate and weather was unpredictable. In the fourteenth century a style of maps, called portolon charts, were introduced. These were pictures of harbors, ports, cities, and coastlines inscribed on sheepskin. These maps were valuable to the merchant and traders between cities, but to the explorer changing continents they were basically useless. The compass was also a maj or improvement to previous methods.Before this invention, sailors used the stars to navigate and stay on their somewhat planned course. However, during the day they were at a loss. When the compass was invented, it allowed sailors to know their bearing all the time. People soon learned to notice and pay more attention to weather patterns while sailing. They discovered the trade winds among the seas and noted where they were in relation to each other and what their effects on shipping were. The winds caused either a faster and smoother trip or a longer and rougher voyage, depending on the direction of the ship and the wind involved.This was an advancement to previous methods because they now knew what to expect and prepare for instead of guessing or being surprised. They could also plan routes and try new routes. This led to a period of time called the Age of Sail. The printing press was one of the biggest and most important inventions of this time period. Before, literature and docu ments were scarce and not very common. After the printing press was introduced, literary works and various types of documents were more available to the common person. This encouraged people to become more educated because they now had the means to do it.The printing press also had an effect on cartography. Because maps had to be either inscribed or drawn, they were rare and not very public. After the printing press, maps were able to be duplicated and shared with other cartographers. In doing this, they could compare their maps with other peoples and create a newer and more accurate representation of the land and sea. This caused people to become more sure and trusting of these maps, making them venture out further than they had before, thus increasing trade. The design and size of ships were also changing during this time.The Europeans began to incorporate the methods of other countries, such as China, into their own shipbuilding process. One change was the multiple sails on the s hip which allowed for better upwind travel. The all-in-one rudder was also a major improvement because it allowed for easier and faster steering and better control and stability of the keel. All in all, various changes and improvements occurred during this time. Inventions and improvements such as map making, compasses, understanding of weather patterns, and the printing press were all factors in the increase in exploration and trade in Europe.

This essay provides a paragraph and explains the critiqueing for the example. Explains Cultural differences within the paragraph.

This essay provides a paragraph and explains the critiqueing for the example. Explains Cultural differences within the paragraph. "I wanted to welcome you ASAP to our little family here in the States. It's high time we shook hands in person and not just across the sea. I'm pleased as punch about getting to know you all, and I for one will do my level best to sell you on America."After critiquing the paragraph for the email, I found it to be very unclear in relaying the intended message. The paragraph contained statements that may not be properly translated to the intended audience, such as "It's high time" and "pleased as punch." This risks confusion and could cause an unwanted reaction. The email uses the phrase "high time", which means the appropriate time. The phrase originated from Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors, Antipholus of Syracuse."There's none but witches do inhabit here;And therefore 'tis high time that I were hence."Unless the audience is familiar with Shakespeare's work, they may mistake the meaning.2011-06-22-Marlene-Williams-Memorial-Bench-Flowers..."Pleased as punch" is another example. It origi nated from the Punch and Judy slapstick puppet character. In Punch and Judy performances the Punch character is depicted as self-satisfied and pleased with his evil deeds, therefore the phrase became common to express how pleased someone is regarding an object, action, etc. Because the group is not originally from the United States, these are phrases I would refrain from using. According to Business Communication Today, "When speaking to people less fluent in your language, try to choose words carefully to convey only their most specific denotative meaning." (Page 66 Para. 4) Although they do speak English, there are things they may not be aware of.Forse 3I would also eliminate the use of contractions and abbreviations within the email, It's, I'm, and ASAP. Although it is an email, the use can be considered unprofessional by...

Article In Business Example

Article In Business Ryanair warns fares will rise This article published in The Guardian discusses about Ryanair’s warning to shoot its fare up in the near future. Thisrise in fare would have to be made to meet the company’s targets. All such measures are been taken by the company to increase its profits in the upcoming years. This sudden move to increase the fares and profit is because the company posted an approximate loss of â‚ ¬11 million in the third quarter of 2010. Although the company has been a successful airline service provider recognized as one of the best in the world, it has recently been criticized by some critics along with some of its customers. The basic reason for Ryanair’s success was their ability to cope with their costs which they offered to their customers in the form of low fares, such fares were really low when compared to other airline service providers. Ryanair’s great tendency to innovate always led them to reduce their costs and increase the q uality of their service. Innovation had always been a main factor that led Ryanair to open new dimensions in the airline industry. The strategy followed by Ryanair to reduce their costs was to have low emission aircrafts such as Boeing 737; these aircrafts were also fuel efficient hence they helped Ryanair to have better control over their fuel costs even in the era when fuel costs increased drastically. Such better quality and low cost led Ryanair to be pronounced as the most profitable airline in the world by an Air Transport World Magazine. The article discussed that the company had good prospect as one of its competitors, Germany’s Blue Wings, had left the market and had created a greater scope for Ryanair to capture a much larger market share in the upcoming future. Although according to the company’s Chief Financial Officer, the company might increase its fares in the future, Michael O’Leary, the chief executive of Ryanair was of the view that the company would heavily focus on cutting its costs much more. Besides this statement, he also pointed towards the better and productive performance of the company and increased gain in the market share of the company in area such as Spain, Scandinavia, etc. Because of this news, there was a sudden rise of 5 % in the company’s share in the Dublin market. This article lead to an increase in the share price for Ryanair but this can also signal alarms for its customers as there may be some rise in the fares charged by the company. The positive thing derived from this article would be to favor the shareholders of the company, who would enjoy better profits in the following years to come. References Ryanair warns fares will rise, Katie Allen, guardian.co.uk, 2010 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/feb/01/ryanair-fares-rise

An investigation in to a link between emotional intelligence and Dissertation

An investigation in to a link between emotional intelligence and leadership stylea study in the public sector of South Africa - Dissertation Example However, in the advent of â€Å"emotional intelligence†, the element of human emotions and its effect on self and other people have been seriously considered as an essential factor in leadership. It has brought about a trend in the academic, corporate and political world, bringing a new dimension in the way things are run in organisations affecting company philosophy, policy, mission and vision. In the public sector, with leaders being targeted with scandals about corruption and greediness, good governance needs to be reinstated. Mokgolo et al. (2012) contend that relevant studies on leadership add knowledge that can elevate public service practices with the implementation of effective leadership, retention of valuable staff and quality of service delivery. Such relevant studies include the possession of emotional intelligence in good leadership. Statement of the Problem This study will investigate the possible links between emotional intelligence and effective leadership styl es that may be applicable in the public sector. Specifically, it will explore how it can be applied to the public sector of South Africa. Aims and Objectives The research purports to establish strong links between emotional intelligence and leaders who may be identified as effective and efficient by their subordinates. It will gather sufficient evidence from available literature as well as get first-hand information from subordinates and constituents of public sector leaders in South Africa. It aims to seek a clearer perspective on the importance of emotional intelligence in leadership. It hopes to be a useful resource to future leaders to guide them in the right path in leading the organizations they will be tasked to lead to success. Methodology This qualitative study investigates the importance of emotional intelligence in successful leadership and management in the public sector. Going beyond the surface in the review of literature, this study will probe beneath the issue of lea dership in organisations and delve into the emotional intelligence of leaders or the lack of it. Primary sources will be respondents’ answers to open ended questions in a questionnaire about the leadership styles of the leaders in their respective departments, further elaborated on in a focus group interview conducted on a later date. Secondary sources will be information culled from the literature review. Both sources shall be cross-referenced in a quantitative analysis of the themes that may surface from the questionnaires and focus group discussion. Literature Review Much research has been devoted to the topic of leadership. Yukl (2006) presents a comprehensive collection of studies on leadership, identifying various approaches to leadership. The behavior approach studies the leader’s typical pattern of behaviour to manage and lead. The power-influence approach takes on a more leader-centered perspective in that power is used not only to manage subordinates but also to influence peers, superiors, and even people outside the organization. The situational approach sees leadership as affected by contextual factors such as characteristics of followers, nature of the work performed, the type of organization and the nature of the external environment. Finally, the integrative approach involves more than one type of leadership variable and incorporates other perspectives of leadership (Yukl, 2006). In most of

Fracking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fracking - Essay Example Fracking is done in four steps. During the first step, a vertical well is drilled into the ground up to the rock of interest. It then turns horizontally for some distance inside the shale containing the petroleum and gas. Under high-pressure, water is pumped into the well to create cracks from which gas can be released. The released gas along with the petroleum are then sucked up to the surface for processing. The used water, or waste, is pumped out of the well onto the surface from which it is disposed of carefully to avoid environmental contamination. The water is disposed of carefully as it contains harmful minerals and substances picked up below the ground (Michael, 2013).Fracking is done in four steps. During the first step, a vertical well is drilled into the ground up to the rock of interest. It then turns horizontally for some distance inside the shale containing the petroleum and gas. Under high-pressure, water is pumped into the well to create cracks from which gas can be r eleased. The released gas along with the petroleum are then sucked up to the surface for processing. The used water, or waste, is pumped out of the well onto the surface from which it is disposed of carefully to avoid environmental contamination. The water is disposed of carefully as it contains harmful minerals and substances picked up below the ground (Michael, 2013).The benefits for fracking cannot be overstated. The method avails great environmental and economic advantages. Fracking produces what is commonly known as the shale gas. Hence, the merits of production of shale gas are numerous. The gas produced is used to fend of the energy deficit that face the country. Through the gas produced by fracking, it reduces the dependence on imported energy sources like oil (Michael, 2013).The method creates employment for many unemployed persons. The reason why it creates employment is that it is a relatively method. Hence, it has to create room for employees before people can sign contr acts. The oil obtained from fracking fends off the dependence of a country on oil.It is evident that fracking is a beneficial procedure that has provided an alternative to the traditional methods of gas and oil manufacture.  

Positive and Negative Aspects of Immigration in the United States Essay

Positive and Negative Aspects of Immigration in the United States - Essay Example However, the earlier immigration at the beginning of the twentieth century had a comparatively greater impact because the United States was less populated at that time (Saiz 14). â€Å"If current immigration rates are sustained, two-thirds of the population growth in the United States could be accounted for by immigration by 2050† (Saiz 14). The arrival of new immigrants is creating severe opposition as well as spirited defense for immigration. Every year, the debate on the benefits and adverse effects caused by immigration grows increasingly heated, and its political discourse is likely to be a major issue in the future (Isbister 1). Philip Martin and Elizabeth Midgley argue that a significant issue is an illegal immigration which began rising in the 1970s. This was the first main immigration issue debated in Congress in the 21st century (Martin and Midgley 3).   The arrival in the United States of large numbers of foreigners from various countries can either be a cause for concern or a trend to be welcomed. â€Å"There is no single answer, which helps to explain why Americans are ambivalent about immigration† (Martin and Midgley 3). The United States has always celebrated its immigrant heritage with mass naturalization ceremonies on July 4; these ceremonies associate immigration with the founding of the United States. American leaders have reiterated the renewal and rebirth caused by the advent of newcomers in America considered as the ‘land of opportunity’. This implies that immigration enables individuals to improve their lives and also strengthen the United States at the same time (Martin and Midgley 11).   

The Lord Of The Flies: Chapter 8

The Lord Of The Flies: Chapter 8 Lord Of The Flies Chapter 8 Goldings Lord Of The Flies is based on an island after the second world war. Through-out the novel, Golding treats the island as a microcosm of the war. Within this is microcosm, the island commences as a utopia but it is not until chapter 8 when it gradually evolves into a dystopia as the ultimate battle for jealousy and power breaks out. The modification and degradation in certain characters behaviour from their normal life of civilization makes chapter 8 key to Goldings Lord Of The Flies . It is the main chapter in which democracy is demolished, savagery kicks in and the definitive chapter in which Simon has the ultimate encounter with the Lord Of The Flies. I will explore Goldings use of symbolism, plot, imagery, language, Christian morals, setting, themes and story structure as well as the novels overall historical context to establish the fact that chapter 8 is the most significant chapter to the novel as a whole. This is the vital episode in which Ralph experiences difficulties dealing with the beast. He acknowledges its existence and in doing so spreads fear amongst the other boys. This is illustrated when Ralph portrays the beast as having teeth and big black eyes. Ralph instantly decides that fighting the beast is not an option; leaving the boys with no alternative than to hide from the beast and live under its shadow. Ralphs fear about the beast is conveyed in his own words for the preliminary time in chapter 8, expressing the chapters great magnitude and relevance. As evidenced in the above quotations, it is in chapter 8 that the beast is embellished and made to seem scarier than reality, again showing the chapters eloquence. This powerful section centres on Ralphs pessimism which contributes to his poor management of the beast. He does not appreciate that the littluns take him seriously and visualise the news as a sign for panic. Ralph explains, I dont think wed ever fight a thing that size, honestly, you know. Wed talk, but we wouldnt fight a tiger. Wed hide. Even Jack ud hide. Ralphs apathy is conveyed because he makes himself believe that his hopes are slim. From Ralphs language, the reader and other characters become under the impression that the beast is huge and can not be fought. Here, the key notion which makes chapter 8 substantial is that Ralph injects pain and fear into the unstable community instead of calming them. Ralphs priority is evacuating the island rather than confronting the beast. This is illustrated when Ralph says As long as theres light were brave enough. But then? And now that thing squats by the fire as though it didnt want us to be rescued So we cant have a signal fire Were beaten. The reader comprehends the boys inability of coping with darkness because of their strong fear of the beast. Little do the boys know, that the beast is living inside them like a parasite which can not live on its own but is in need of a host to live in. This is momentous to chapter 8 because we learn that Ralphs desire is not to stay on the island or integrate himself into the island in order to avoid mingling with the beast. Throughout chapter 8, the conch acts as a symbol of authority and order. At the beginning of the chapter, the conch glimmered among the trees. This is pivotal to chapter 8 because the glimmering of the conch confirms its importance and the way it stands out in nature, symbolises how right actions stand out from wrong actions. From the beginning of the book, the conch takes the place of civilization and democracy which are clearly two social aspects which the island lacks after the destruction of the conch. It is because of the conchs destruction or in other words the destruction of authority, that degradation and an uncivilized atmosphere are the shocking result. Jack blows the conch and calls a meeting at the start of chapter 8. This makes the chapter especially significant because normally, Jack has a certain disregard for the rules but however it is in this chapter that he uses the conch and applies the rules for his own benefit. Jack makes negative comments in the meeting about Ralph like, Ralph said my hunters are no good, Hes like piggyhe isnt a proper chiefhes a coward himself Hes not a hunter. Hed never have got us meat He just gives orders and expects people to obey for nothing, He competes with Ralph for leadership, which is unmistakably a direct challenge and describes Ralph as not a prefect which is the last reference to the boys previous school life. This is especially portrayed in chapter 8 because Jack attempts undermining Ralph in order to attract the littluns to his own life style. He also capitalises on the appearance of the beast, although he himself is scared of its shadowy presence too. However, he realises that the grou ps faith in Ralph is ever decreasing because of the fear and instability of the beast on the island. Jack reacts very violently to the beast, but does not aim his anger at the beast; instead he aims it at Ralphs leadership and at hunting. He has bloodlust and loves to hunt and kill, the food is merely a by-product of the adrenaline that it gives him to hunt, chase and kill another animal. He has passed his passion onto his hunters. This is predominantly shown in the chapter when Golding mentions that, The hunters followed, wedded to her in lust, excited by the long chase and the dropped blood This is particularly pivotal to chapter 8 because he uses the possibility of pacifying the beast as a way of seducing the boys to what he wants them to do. He uses the promise of exciting hunting, brilliant feasts and most of all, the promise that the beast will not bother them and the promise that the beast will cease to be a constant point of fear for the boys. Simon has a diverse reaction to the beast compared to the other boys in the novel. This is especially expressed in chapter 8 because it is when Simon instinctively knows that the beast is something that has manifested itself in the heads, hearts and minds of the boys, giving them a focus for their fear. He endeavours to disprove the beasts existence by climbing the mountain and discovering what it was that Ralph and Jack saw; I thought there might be something to do, something we- again the pressure of the assembly took his voice away I think we ought to climb the mountain What else is there to do? Simon climbs the mountain and his theory is proven, when he locates a dead parachutist and encounters the pigs head. This attests that Simons predictions about the existence of a physical beast were right. This is crucial to chapter 8 because Simons Christ-like figure is revealed. The imperative confrontation between Simon and the Lord of the Flies takes place in chapter 8 showing the chapters even greater magnitude. When Simon confronts the Lord of the Flies, it is just a pigs head on a stick, which Jack had stuck into the ground in Simons special retreat. However, when Simon is speaking to it he doesnt see it as a pigs head; he interprets it as evil. When the Lord of the Flies is talking to Simon, the dialogue is like a schoolmaster is telling him off. You are a silly little boy just a silly ignorant little boy. The Lord Of The Flies intentionally talks in this manner to try overpowering Simons thoughts and mind and acts as if he knows better. The pigs head then progresses by instructing Simon to go and socialise with the other boys, or they will think he is crazy. Youd better run off and play with the others. You dont want Ralph to think youre batty, do you? Overall, in this vital episode, The Lord of the Flies starts forcing Simon into thinking that no one on the island likes him. This is principally illustrated in chapter 8 because the Lord of the Flies tries to affect Simons thoughts by making him socialise with the evil boys. The beast attempts taking control of Simon by saying, There isnt anyone to help you. Only me. And Im the Beast. Simons reaction to this is to shout insults at the pigs head. Pigs head on a stick! This confirms that Simon understands that this is all it is. The Lord Of The Flies attempts gaining Simons obedience. This is ironic because it is similar to what happens to Jesus, making chapter 8 religiously momentous as well. Subsequently, the Lord of the Flies informs Simon that he cant kill it. The beast sarcastically says, Fancy thinking the Beast was something you could hunt and kill! This section is even more relevant because the Lord Of The Flies tries to embed its presence inside Simons head by declaring its state of immortality. The island itself, particularly chapter 8, functions as a kind of Garden of Eden that is gradually corrupted by the introduction of evil. The Lord of the Flies may be seen as a symbol for the devil, since it works to promote evil among mankind. An example of this is when the Lord of the Flies tells Simon to, Get back to the others. This promotes evil because the other boys evil will affect Simon. Chapter 8 is very considerable because it is when Simon is faced with the ethical reality of the novel and is killed sacrificially as a consequence of having discovered the truth. In chapter 8, Golding conveys that Simons life has strong parallels with that of Jesus which is a very pivotal part of the chapter. His conversation with the Lord of the Flies mirrors the confrontation between Christ and the devil in Christian theology. There are unfortunate consequences to Simons death in that the island is thrown into a deeper network of misery and unhappiness. The beast says to Simon, Arent you afraid of me? and You dont want Ralph to think youre batty do you? Simons wisdom is portrayed through the concept that he does not believe and act by the beasts words, indicating the importance and great significance of chapter 8 to the novel. To conclude, Chapter 8 is key to Goldings Lord Of The Flies because it is where the instability of Jack, Piggy and Ralph an the island is conveyed. This has strong comparisons with peoples physical and emotional feelings during World War 2. Additionally, being under immense pressure of the gradual immersion of a dystopia, some of the boys like Ralph loose control but others like Jack capitalise on the fear of the littluns. This is echoed in the war when Hitler capitalises on the fear of the other countries and the public. Golding also conveys the notion of fear in chapter 8 making the chapter significant. The chapter is also prophetic because of Simons death. Finally, Golding explains the divisions within the group of children as a symbol of destruction of order and authority. This originates from the biblical reference of Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to destruction. (Mathew 12.25) The above points tie together to prove the chapters eloquence to the novel as a whol e.

Computerised accounting system. :: Computer Science

Computerised accounting system. Please Specify which product you need when ordering. Sage Line 50 training software is available both with and with out a comprehensive assessment system.. The sage line 50 product contains Basic and Advanced tasks for operation of the Sage accounting software. Sage Line 50 uses a powerful "show and tell, then have a go" style training. This makes it easy for users to understand new concepts and provides then with a chance to "have a go in a safe training environment". Use of multimedia simulation aids retention of learning and ease of use. Learn To Use Sage is ideal for both novice and experienced users. The software provides a great foundation in basic tasks, Intermediate and Advanced tasks are also taught. Many advanced users keep the software by their PC, its great reference, have a problem? simply pop the disk in, run the topic that covers your need, its that simple. Learn To Use Sage Task List Basic: * Add a new customer * Open an existing customer record * Add a new supplier * Open an existing supplier record * Add a new nominal account * Open a blank record * Add a new product code and save * Open a product record * Add a sales invoice * Add a credit note * Enter purchase invoice / Credit note * Allocate customer receipts * Allocate supplier payments * Add a nominal payment / receipt * Preview / Print aged debtors report * Enter sales invoices * Enter sales credit notes Advanced: * Transfer funds * Add a nominal journal * Create a skeleton journal * Blank reconciliation * Display VAT return * Analyse VAT totals * Print VAT return * Add a fixed asset * Posting depreciation * Add a prepayment * Posting prepayments and accruals * Write off, Refund, Return * Set access rights * Contra entries * Add receding entry * Correcting errors * Check and print Computerised Accounting System ============================== How does a computer works? Data Input Process Data Output Type of data processing: 1. Batch processing Transaction data are accumulated until a large volume can be processed at one time. Eg. Payroll, customer account and general ledger 2. On - line processing Processing transaction as they occur so that a user can obtain current information at any time. Eg. Accounts receivable, accounts payable and inventories. Manual vs. Computerised systems =============================== Manual accounting systems consists of source of documents, journals, ledgers and reports. In a computerised accounting system basically the same source of documents can be used but must be converted into a machine - readable format to be accepted as an input to the computer. Eg. Computerised receivables system Input : accounts receivable master file at the beginning of the period and the aacounts receivables transactions files required to update the beginning balances. Computerised accounting system. :: Computer Science Computerised accounting system. Please Specify which product you need when ordering. Sage Line 50 training software is available both with and with out a comprehensive assessment system.. The sage line 50 product contains Basic and Advanced tasks for operation of the Sage accounting software. Sage Line 50 uses a powerful "show and tell, then have a go" style training. This makes it easy for users to understand new concepts and provides then with a chance to "have a go in a safe training environment". Use of multimedia simulation aids retention of learning and ease of use. Learn To Use Sage is ideal for both novice and experienced users. The software provides a great foundation in basic tasks, Intermediate and Advanced tasks are also taught. Many advanced users keep the software by their PC, its great reference, have a problem? simply pop the disk in, run the topic that covers your need, its that simple. Learn To Use Sage Task List Basic: * Add a new customer * Open an existing customer record * Add a new supplier * Open an existing supplier record * Add a new nominal account * Open a blank record * Add a new product code and save * Open a product record * Add a sales invoice * Add a credit note * Enter purchase invoice / Credit note * Allocate customer receipts * Allocate supplier payments * Add a nominal payment / receipt * Preview / Print aged debtors report * Enter sales invoices * Enter sales credit notes Advanced: * Transfer funds * Add a nominal journal * Create a skeleton journal * Blank reconciliation * Display VAT return * Analyse VAT totals * Print VAT return * Add a fixed asset * Posting depreciation * Add a prepayment * Posting prepayments and accruals * Write off, Refund, Return * Set access rights * Contra entries * Add receding entry * Correcting errors * Check and print Computerised Accounting System ============================== How does a computer works? Data Input Process Data Output Type of data processing: 1. Batch processing Transaction data are accumulated until a large volume can be processed at one time. Eg. Payroll, customer account and general ledger 2. On - line processing Processing transaction as they occur so that a user can obtain current information at any time. Eg. Accounts receivable, accounts payable and inventories. Manual vs. Computerised systems =============================== Manual accounting systems consists of source of documents, journals, ledgers and reports. In a computerised accounting system basically the same source of documents can be used but must be converted into a machine - readable format to be accepted as an input to the computer. Eg. Computerised receivables system Input : accounts receivable master file at the beginning of the period and the aacounts receivables transactions files required to update the beginning balances.

A Moments Indulgence by Rabindranath Tagore Essay

A Moments Indulgence by Rabindranath Tagore was written in 1910 as part of the Gitanjali collection, 157 poems in the original language of Bengali, and 103 in English translated by Tagore himself. Contents [hide] 1 A Moments Indulgence 1.1 About the Author 1.2 Gitanjali 1.3 The Poem 1.3.1 Synopsis 1.3.2 See Also 2 References About the Author[edit] Rabindranath Tagore was born on 7th May 1861 in a wealthy family in Calcutta. He was the youngest of the thirteen children born to Debendranath Tagore and Sarada Devi. His father was a great Hindu philosopher and one of the founders of the religious movement, Brahmo Samaj.His grandfather Dwarakanath Tagore was a rich landlord and social reformer. In 1886, he moved to Brighton, East Sussex, England, to read law. During his stay in England, he attended University College London for some time, following which he started to independent study the works of Shakespeare. He returned to Bengal in 1880 without a degree, but with the aspiration of fusing elements of European traditions in his literary works.[1] Tagore is the most eminent Bengali renaissance poet, philosopher, essayist, critic, composer and educator, who dreamt of a harmony of universal humanity among the people of different origin through freedom of mind and spiritual sovereignty. Tagore started writing poetry when he was a child, and in the course of his life was often hailed as the Shakespeare of the East due to generating thoughts on: society, religion, aesthetics, education, rural welfare, nationalism and internationalism in his literary works, essays and poetry. [2] One of his most well-known and famous collections of poetry is Gitanjali [Song Offering] which generates thoughts on religion. Tagore died on 7th August 1941 in Jorasanko, the mansion he was raised in. The years before his death were riddled with periods of illness and pain, which eventually rendered him in a comatose state. Gitanjali[edit] Gitanjali (Bengali: à ¦â€"à §â‚¬Ã  ¦ ¤Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦Å¾Ã  § Ã  ¦Å"à ¦ ²Ã  ¦ ¿) is a collection of poems by the Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. First published in 1910, Tagore’s collection containing mystical and devotional song poems, was translated to English by Tagore in 1912 before he embarked on a visit to England. The poems were extremely well received, and would be the first of many volumes that earned him much acclaim in the East and West.[3] The English Gitanjali, or Song Offerings, is a collection of 103 English poems of Tagore’s own translations from his Bengali poems. This was first published in November 1912 by the India Society of London.[4] At the time of publication, the collection was profoundly praised by the best of Tagore’s literary contemporaries in England; including W. B. Yeats and A. C. Bradley.[5] With the enthusiastic assistance from major western poets such as Yeats and Ezra Pound, the volume made an appearance in England.[6] The collection was tremendous success and caused a literary sensation, its impact was so great that in the following year, 1913, Tagore became the first Asian poet to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature for his translated version of his cycle of song-poems, Gitanjali.[7]. The translations of Tagore’s work were once a craze, but as Sisirkumar Ghose discusses, Tagore in translation is riddled with problems. His own translations†¦ (have) been criticised and have been faulted.[8] Robert Frost stated that poetry is that which survives translation. When looking at Tagore’s poetry, it is questionable how much of his original work survives throughout the process of translation. It is evident that the nuances of rhythm, imagery, verse form, and most importantly language, are inevitably lost. The main criticisms of the Gitanjali’s translations were for: often not translating the original poem in full, leaving chunks out, and in one instance fusing two separate poems. The Poem[edit] A Moments Indulgence I ask for a moment’s indulgence to sit by thy side. The works that I have in hand I will finish afterwards. Away from the sight of thy face my heart knows no rest nor respite, and my work becomes an endless toil in a shoreless sea of toil. Today the summer has come at my window with its sighs and murmurs; and the bees are plying their minstrelsy at the court of the flowering grove. Now it is time to sit quite, face to face with thee, and to sing dedication of life in this silent and overflowing leisure. File:To upload.jpg Gitanjali 71. An example of poem 71 from Gitanjali written in Bengali, its original language, with the translation of English beside it. Synopsis[edit] The central focus of A Moments Indulgence is about dedicating ones time to God, which clearly brings the devotee joy. The speaker is aware that his soul has been engrossed in worldliness, thus putting aside worldly pleasures that man is often disillusioned by, the speaker begins devoting his time to God. The poem begins with the speaker seeking a moment’s indulgence from his creator. This is evident as he says, he ‘will finish afterwards’ he task he was doing, in order to connect with his creator. Analogy is used in both verse one and verse two, when he suggests that having to give up your work is a small price to pay to reach the almighty. The second stanza shows the extent of the speaker’s devotion to his creator. This can be seen through the way he says that when he is away from God, mentally or physically, his heart remains restless, and the tasks at hand seem like they will never end. The metaphor of the shoreless sea reinforces that when away from God, one cannot be content. It portrays a clear distinction between the pleasure one receives from worldliness, and the true spiritual joy one gains from devoting time to God. In the third stanza the speaker is talking about the present day, and describes the beauty of the world which is a gift from God. He uses nature imagery to describe the beauty of the day which is being enjoyed by both animals, the ‘bees’, plants, and ‘the flowering grove’. The speaker also uses sound descriptions of: ‘sighs and murmurs’ to describe the present day, this has connotations of peace and being at peace in the environment one is in, adding to the spiritual vibe of the poem. This implies that nature is close to God as it is content, reinforcing the second stanza’s idea that when away from God a person can not be content. The fourth stanza shows that the speaker believes that the present time is the best time to dedicate himself to God; he does this by singing to God and  sitting quietly. Surrounding himself with nature, and the speaker believes the silence and free time is the perfect time to devote time to his creator because he is not distracted by worldly tasks and is surrounded by a gift, the beauty of nature, which is from God.

Intrinsic Motivation and Team Communication Essay

The greatest concern of the companies after recession is how to bring out the best in the employees with less funds and poor market response. Since the market is demanding more for less, companies are now forced to sell products at reduced margins. This state of affairs shows that the proverbial employee engagement policy through extrinsic rewards cannot be implemented under such situation. Moreover, the sales graph is getting down on one hand, while the competition is getting stiffer. Therefore, the best (and perhaps only) option lying before the companies is to adopt the intrinsic motivation policy, which does not involve monetary reward. However, it is always tough to break away from the convention, since the application of extrinsic rewards to engage the employees has become commonplace. Yet there is hope, if the findings of the researchers regarding the mechanism of motivation have anything to go by. The Guiding Light Even in 1985, researchers like Deci and Ryan (1985) used attribution theory and suggested that humans constantly reassess the reasons for their behavior besides others. Before that, Lepper et al. (1973) had observed that extrinsic reward (money) acts as a tool for reinforcement, which actually generates two effects for the management, like gaining control over activity or fastening the process, and two, the backlash effect in absence of reinforcement. The example below would explain it better: A group or an individual gets a reward of x amount of money for a period y, where x+y=m, m being the increased rate of production. Before that, the situation was y=z where production was z. Now in the absence of reinforcement and with the influence of attribution theory, the situation would stand like y-x = n, where n < z. This clearly goes against the basic reason for motivating the employees, i. e. , to enhance the profit of the organization. This also shows that something is missing, which could have played catalyst in between, and that something is ‘love for work’. The modern researchers have picked up the issue right from here. â€Å"Engagement occurs when an employee connects emotionally with his work,† says Paul Glen (2007), thereby underpinning the efficacy of intrinsic reward in employee engagement, since it aims to emotionally engage the workers. The Solution Yet it is tough to overtly implement intrinsic reward policy by issuing heaps of â€Å"well-done† certificates, as the employees may not adapt to this sudden shift of reward policy, especially when even a penny counts after recession. It is where the strategy of fostering team communication can come in handy, which is also backed by â€Å"Expectancy Value Theory† of Martin Fishbein (Expectancy, 2004), where he observed that â€Å"people mold themselves to the world in accordance with their expectations/beliefs and evaluations. † An effective team communication does that much-needed job – it converts the employee expectation from personal gain to team-gain, and team-gain becomes possible only when the individual worker meets the expectation of other team-members. This process manifests through both intra-team communication and inter-team communication, which generates high-degree of intrinsic motivation among team members that automatically creates an emotional bondage with their work. Consequently, members of the team become aware of the roles of each member and try to finish individual assignments in time to meet the expectation of the team members. Upon doing so, they enjoy job satisfaction on many accounts – as fulfilling a team of colleagues’ expectation raises the level of mutual trust, self-confidence and individual relationship. These are the elements of intrinsic motivation, which rules over money. And what comes out as the by-product? Company benefit, of course! References Expectancy Value Theory. (2004). Web document. Retrieved July 7, 2009, from http://www. tcw. utwente. nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Public%20Rela tions%2C%20Advertising%2C%20Marketing%20and%20Consumer%20Behavio r/Expectancy_Value_Theory. doc/ Glen, P. (2007). You can’t outsource retention. Computerworld, July 16, 2007.