Glory the Movie

Glory: The Movie Essay The most memorable moment in anything is what sticks to you. It’s something that you can never forget because it touched you so much. In the movie, Glory there are so many memorable moments, you could write a book about them. So, I chose a moment that stuck to me, personally the most. The most memorable moment in the movie for me was the Battle of Fort Wagner. The most memorable moment in the movie for me was when Kernel Robert Shaw chooses to put his men, the 54th Massachusetts, first into battle to try to capture Fort Wagner from the south.Then when they start to charge, and the Fort Wagner troops begin to shoot cannons at the 54th. The cannons are so powerful men start dropping like flies. So, Robert decides to take his men behind the sand dunes. When Robert sees they have a lot of â€Å"cannon power† left at fort Wagner, he decides to charge and fight man to man. While doing this, he was shot and killed instantly. Then, the rest of 54th Mass. charged and tried to capture the fort without their Kernel.This was unsuccessful be caused the 54th Mass. was outnumbered by more than 600 soldiers. At fort Wagner, 54th Mass. lost more than half of its people. This was the most memorable part of the movie because even when the men of 54th Mass. could hide and surrender, they kept on fighting for what they believed in. This shows that you should never ever give up, even when you are on a losing side. It also shows these men had something a lot of people wished they had: COURAGE.

Creative Writing (ADD) Essay

For most 14-year-olds, summertime is akin to being in paradise. No homework, no exams, no demanding teachers – just lots of time to relax with friends at the beach and even earn extra money from a part-time job. Indeed, if Christmas is for children, then summer is definitely for the teenagers. It is the season when a teen experiences many things for the first time – first job, first kiss, first beer, etc. Or so they say. If summer really is for the teen, then why am I in a stuffy classroom instead of in the beach? I am taking summer classes – for failing three subjects in the previous school year. And this is not the first time that this happened to me. Fluking subjects and attending summer classes as a result is already a yearly ritual for me. I sometimes think that I am like the rich people who have summer houses, except that mine is furnished with a blackboard, desks, chairs and lockers. But there are instances when not even humor can soften the hurt. Almost all my life, people have been telling me to â€Å"shut up† and calling me names such as â€Å"lazy,† â€Å"stupid† and â€Å"weird.† When I was a kid, my mom used to yell at me because she though that I was not listening to what she was saying to me. But I really was listening to her; it was just that I cannot make sense of what she was saying to me. Everyone at home now knows better than to ask me to do a chore. The only time they ask me to do one is when there really is nobody else who will do it. Perhaps it is because I cannot follow instructions. No matter how many times mom or dad tell me how to do something, I always end up bungling it. There were also instances when I just suddenly lose interest in a certain errand and leave it undone. A couple of months ago, mom asked me to prepare dinner because she was not feeling well. Despite myself, I really love to cook. Salads, one of my favorite foods, are my specialty. And so I chose to make vegetable salad and microwave some frozen fish fingers for dinner. I was already arranging sliced tomatoes in beds of lettuce when I decided to fix peanut butter and jelly sandwiches instead. But while preparing the sandwiches, I suddenly changed my mind again – I went to the living room and watched television. About half an hour later, mom went down to check if dinner was already done. What she saw really upset her – a large bowl of half-prepared salad, along with vegetable peelings and peanut butter and jelly spread on the kitchen counter. She called me from the living room and shouted that I was â€Å"no good† and that I was intentionally making things difficult for her. Although she was not feeling well, she had no choice but to make dinner herself. I ended up going to bed with an empty stomach – the episode robbed me of my appetite. School was much worse. I was nearly expelled from kindergarten because of my â€Å"disruptive behavior.† While the rest of the class was listening to the teacher read a story, I was staring out into the window. Things got worse as I got older. It was extremely difficult for me to focus on exams, homework and projects. I got low grades as a result – the most common complaint written on my report card was I needed to â€Å"focus on getting work done.† I likewise had difficulty making friends. Almost all of my classmates were annoyed at me for just intruding into their conversations. Some of them already told me to â€Å"shut up† right in front of my face. I know butting in is rude, but I cannot help but do it repeatedly. It is like I have a million ideas going inside my mind and I feel like I will explode if I do not open my mouth and share them with others, regardless of whether or not it is appropriate for me to do so. I want to do a lot of things for myself. I want to travel, meet new people and learn how to cook. I see myself becoming a chef in the future – a really good chef that specializes in Mexican food. I would also love to have pets, as I believe that they would make better friends than people. So many dreams, so many goals†¦ Now if only I could stop attending summer classes for good.

Basics of collective bargaining and its effects within globalisation

Basics of collective bargaining and its effects within globalisation a. What may McDonalds have considered in order to establish their approaches to collective bargaining in both Germany and the UK? To answer the above question we first need to know about basics of collective bargaining where Collective Bargaining is defined as the process of turning disagreements into agreements in an orderly fashion. Collective bargaining is the process followed to establish a mutually agreed set of rules and decisions between unions and employers for matters relating to employment. This is a regulating process dealing with the regulation of management and conditions of employment. Collective bargaining is used as the negotiation process between employees and employers with unions acting as the representatives of employees. The entire process depends on the bargaining powers of the concerned parties. The process of collective bargaining is to settles down any conflicts regarding the conditions of employment such as wages, working hours and conditions, overtime paym ents, holidays, vacations, benefits, insurance benefits etc. and management regulations. Players involved in collective bargaining: Employees Management Corporate organization Unions In line with the above definition McDonald’s may have considered the approach and settings of collective bargains as an important issue of employee relations. The German setting and approach McDonald’s may have considered establishing their approaches to collective bargaining in Germany: The traditional collective approach to Employee Relations (ER) in German companies is deeply rooted in the particular configuration of the German Industrial Relations (IR) system. This is characterized by a high degree of regulation and a dense, encompassing institutional infrastructure that imposes a uniform set of institutional constraints on companies, but at the same time provides incentives for employers to accept institutional constraints (Lane, 1995; Soskice, 1994). McDonalds, to establish its appro aches to collective bargaining this ER and IR framework may have been considered in first instance. In addition, the institutional structure is highly integrated with strong linkages, not only within the IR system, but also to the wider German businesses system. Key elements of the German model, to which the majority of German companies subscribe, are the centrally co-ordinated sector based collective bargaining system and employee representation at domestic level via the works council system equipped with statutory participation and consultation rights. Food industry in Germany is not beyond this mechanism where McDonald’s considerations regarding collective bargaining approach must have encompassed with statutory participation and employee consultation and codetermination rights. Indeed, German employers have to negotiate a densely structured institutional framework inside and outside the company level. The German approach to collective bargaining is also underwritten by st rong labor market legislation and an elaborate welfare system. Despite growing interest in individual bargaining style direct employee involvement mechanisms, their uptake has so far been comparably modest in German companies (Sperling, 1997). Because of the wide ranging rights of information, consultation and co-determination in the German food industry, the use of individual voice mechanisms is relatively unimportant in the German setting where collective bargaining still has the paramount influence. Therefore, in the international context, McDonald’s may have considered a propensity to support a collective approach to ER in their international operations by recognizing trade unions, engaging in collective bargaining and establishing strong workplace level employee representation systems.

Amsterdam Jewish Community Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Amsterdam Jewish Community - Research Paper Example They were fearful of disclosing their identity and survived by pretending to be Spanish traders or business men. They kept their religion as a secret. A lot of Jews accredit a Rabbi named Menasseh ben Israel, as the one responsible for re-admitting them into the country. He was based in Amsterdam and is valued very much in the Jewish community. There were different motives behind this re-acceptance of Jews back in England and cannot be attributed solely to Cornwell’s generosity. One reason was that if a proper Jewish community could be established in London it would be very beneficial for Amsterdam with respect to trade purposes. Jews had strong ties with East and West Indies and if they could be settled in Amsterdam, trade through this Jewish community could flourish. Amsterdam could be established as a commercial hub then. According to religious beliefs, most Christians believed that it was important for all Jews to be converted into Christianity before Christ comes back to rule this world. For this reason, many Jews were accepted back into England. There was a belief among numerous Christians that Christ would descend to this Earth in 1656 only. Jews all around the world revere the contributions of Menasseh ben Israel. He was the sole figure for celebration in 1906 on the 250th anniversary of this grand event. Menasseh ben Israel was born in Lisbon in 1604. ... He published a pamphlet in 1651, which grabbed the attention of Cromwell. In this pamphlet, he appealed to Cromwell to allow Jews back in their country; England (Jewish Heritage Online Magazine). Menasseh ben Israel paid a visit to London along with his delegation and family members in 1655. He met personally with Cromwell and presented to him a petition for allowing Jews to re-enter into England. Cromwell, Menasseh ben Israel along with a committee of the council of State had a meeting in London to discuss the issue of re-entry of Jews. It was decided that a conference should be arranged in order to discuss this issue further. The petition that was presented to Cromwell demanded rights regarding the citizenship, freedom of speech and freedom of religion. It also requested to allow Jews to enter into trade alliances and that all regulations and policies and regulations against Jews should be uplifted. Plus, there should be separate burial grounds granted to the Jews (Jewish Heritage Online Magazine). The conference remained indecisive for a long time. The committee kept meeting at frequent intervals but a strict decision regarding the issue could not be reached. However, one thing was clearly evident. It was clear that British people had developed a greater tolerance level and acceptability for the Jews. Therefore, Cromwell allowed all Jews to practice their religion privately just like they had done in the past. After some time a synagogue and a burial ground was made for the Jews. This progress was very important for strengthening the relations between Jews and the Britishers. For this reason, Jews celebrate anniversaries accordingly (Menasseh Ben Israel’s Apology for the Jews). The pamphlet that was submitted to Cromwell in the form of the petition

Literature Review- Discuss some of the historical,social,economic and Essay

Literature Review- Discuss some of the historical,social,economic and political reasons many Quebecois support the notion of a s - Essay Example The more intriguing aspect is the whole issue of Quebec’s cultural distinctiveness, and that lack of this recognition places Quebecers as disadvantaged in many respects in favor of the English-Canadian majority. Based on this is a fight for cultural survival (Young et al, 1996). Historically, the fact that Canada’s foundation as a colony of France and thereby, the undying influence of French-Canadian culture, it is widely explanatory for Canada to exist without Quebec. However, a number of people profoundly assert that independence of Quebec would ensure that there are legislations that would secure Quebecers culture (Flett. et al., 1999). In addition, there is the increasing question as to whether Quebec’s independence and sovereignty would bridge the gap between the cultural nations that exist in the larger Canada, while ensuring equality and stability in Canada in a manner that no section is marginalized (Young et al, 2000). Socially, Canada is the envy of the world’s democracies due to its elaborate provision of quality of life, rights, and liberties to its citizens, both English-speaking and French-speaking. In this case, those opposed to separation use this argument to claim that separation of Quebec from Canada will not only divide them from their historical homeland, but also will lead to Quebecers losing the health and other human services that comprise the world’s most successful social structure. However, proponents of separation argue that the separation will only create a new political state but Quebec will continue relating with Canada diplomatically. Economically, the issues that have been raised revolve around monetary policy, currency, international trade, and relations (Carens, 1995). These factors, coupled with the need of Quebec to engage in international free trade, have upset the status quo. Political reasons surrounding the separation debates are many. One of the obvious political events that inform Queb ec’s need for sovereignty lies in the political movements that support separation (Flett. et al., 1999). Secondly, the Referendum outcome might have angered the Quebecers. In this case, Flett et al. (1999) observe that residents of Canada went through an ‘extraordinary turmoil’ on October 30, 1995, when the province, Quebec, conducted a referendum of separation from the larger Canada. They assert that the possibility that Quebec would likely secede was a real threat to the English Speaking Canadians (Bumsted, 1993). Flett et al (1999) observe that, since opinion polls had indicated that indeed Quebec would separate, the rest of Canadians were threatened and ‘distressed’ until the results were announced. It was in this threat that Young et al (1998) observe as seeing many Canadians participating in pre-referendum campaign championing for national unity, a move that is seen to have influenced that result at 50.4%. The authors argue, however, that the r esult was highly dramatized and this has been one of the reasons that have fueled Quebec’s constant need to secede (Flett et al., 1999). Despite the failure of separation to materialize, the Canadian Federal Government is aware that a number of people still fancy such separation, driven by the resulting economic and political benefits. Therefore, they tried to formulate another deal with the Quebec people such as the Constitution Act of 1982, an act that included,

Academic and Professional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Academic and Professional Development - Essay Example A scholar-practitioner is a person that is actively involved in various types of research practices aimed at enhancing the success of the profession. It is important to realise that evidence-based research and good theory are both essential ingredients for great and effective leadership. Scholar-practitioners that often excel in their research activities often end up becoming great and inspiring leaders for companies that they work for; they are great people managers with profound knowledge and skills that enhances the success of their work. According to Cavalieri & Mark (2013) academic theory has the potential to get out of touch if it is not refined and tested by those realities of contemporary daily practice. If the ideas of the scholar do not have the capability to hold up complexities that lead in the present global economy, then their value beyond the academic journal is very low or unavailable. In this regard, scholar practitioners have to ensure that they understand and implement some of the lasting values that guide academic integrity, some of which have been outlined by Walden (Cavalieri & Mark 2013). Wladen’s values have had a profound effect on the learning community in that they enable learners to know how to develop better content that can be used in clinical and other disciplines, having been developed with due regard to academic integrity. Using the knowledge I have gathered from Walden’s values regarding professional and scholarly writing, I look forward to improving my writing skills, which will involve acknowledging other peoples academic works that I will use in my research and writing processes. Going into the future, I have learnt how to improve in my research and writing, things that were seemingly challenging in the past. Being at Walden has been an important undertaking that has heavily impacted on my academic and professional development. As far as communication is concerned, I realise that for

Market Based Pricing Policy for on Street Parking in Seattle Downtown Research Proposal

Market Based Pricing Policy for on Street Parking in Seattle Downtown Area - Research Proposal Example In the reference to the calculations, it was noticed that price is not an adequate tool to control or change the parking trends and other parking behaviors. Regardless of parking price being increased by the parking department, some regions experienced increased occupancy, others reduced, while the rest remained the same. The study also gives the recommendations to ensure that the objective of reducing traffic and ensuring environment conservation is met. Introduction Seattle is a located in the northwestern region of United States. The metropolitan of the city has over 3.4million residents and it is the 15th largest city in United States. It is also a major sea port bordering the pacific region near Puget Sound and lake Washington around 183 Km from United States of Canada. It was previously inhibited by the Native Americans before permanent settlers occupied the city. Seattle city is very industrialized with logging being the leading industry, it is also shipbuilding centre and hig hly commercialized as it is Alaska’s gateway. ... The rates were switched from $1-$4/hour; this was to be applied in all 23 parking areas in the city. This report shows parking-pricing survey conducted with an aim of evaluating the new pricing system, it involved collection of large data and this were the results (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2011). The study Description The study was used to develop recommendations for the purpose of implementation of the new pricing regulation in Seattle and its neighborhoods. The new regulation was put in place by the city council parking department to solve the current fluctuations is compatibility and demand for the current parking technologies. The study was quite extensive as is comprised of paid parking areas data collection, analysis, public engagement systems, and economic analysis. The results will be presented to the sound parking board under the city government which is comprised of different communities’ stakeholders. The board will afterwards provide valuable guidelines which wil l used to shape and define the final recommendations provided by the study (Parking pricing study, 2011). Below are the objectives of the new parking regulation: 1) To facilitate parking clients to easily locate a parking destination and at the same time balance the needs of lane users such as the loading and off-loading vehicles and give room for the transits stops. 2) Reduce green house effect, conserve fuel, and reduce traffic congestion while drivers are looking for parking. 3) Develop new communication and technology to ease parking as well as enhancing customer experience. 4) Increase parking near businesses by increasing the parking turnover Data collection methodology The month of June was the most appropriate for

Movie Indusrty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Movie Indusrty - Research Paper Example Indeed, The Economist (2010) noted that the industry â€Å"churns out about 50 full-length features a week, making it the world’s second most prolific film industry after India’s Bollywood.† In fact, the Hala Gorani reported that the industry was starting to catch up with Hollywood (Inside Africa, 2004). While the industry may be the most prolific, the quality of the movies is incomparable to the quality Hollywood produces. Jeff Koinange, reporting on location during a movie set, quipped that the â€Å"movie set hardly stands up to its wealthier and distant cousin (Inside Africa, 2004). In this regard, the distant and wealthy cousin is Hollywood, which indicates that Nollywoods budget is one of the cheapest used to shoot a movie. Furthermore, Koinange noted, â€Å"The props are cheap, the setup amateur, and the paychecks laughable† (Inside Africa, 2004). In conclusion, Nigeria’s movie industry has become one of the most productive in the world and especially in Africa. With the movies playing in clubs, restaurants, and in various other African settings, most Africans identify with the themes in the movies and effectively making the industry famous. In addition, it is evident that the industry employs mane Nigerians directly during production and indirectly during the sale of the movie. Nevertheless, the industry has gained fame, and it might catch up with Hollywood one

Sex violence crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sex violence crime - Essay Example This will affect the way in which criminality is ascribed, the influences of gender creating differences in the way in which the system will treat one gender in compared to another. When someone defies their gender, primarily a woman, and commits a crime that is outside of how her gender is defined, it sets society on a rampage. Even more so, if she does not publicly display enough emotion about a traumatic event in her life she can be condemned for the crime at the center of the event without the evidence supporting this eventuality. 2. Criminality and stereotypes Women have always been seen as the more passive sex, their role within society dominated by their inability to gain the physical strength that men had the capacity to gain. In the nineteenth century, especially, women from the perspectives of the Victorian aesthetics were vulnerable and needed to be taken care of by men. There were two spheres of influence that divided the sexes: men belonged in the public sphere where wom en belonged in the domestic sphere. The passive nature of a woman meant that she was incapable of making adult decisions (Davidson and Laydor 1994). Therefore, as the twentieth century began to emerge and the rise of feminism began to change that point of view, the foundational idea of how women were framed remained based upon the connotation of innocence and demure passivity that had previously been the standard. The way in which men and women interact, even when it concerns violent behaviours, is also framed by social premises that stereotype and define interaction. According to Elder (1991), stereotypes about gender are also bound up in stereotypes about race, thus creating not only a disharmony of gender relations, but of race relations. The pervasive idea of the black male aggressor against the white female victim creates an idea that there is a male archetype that represents violence with a female archetype which represents victim. The concept of the ‘other’ in wh ich inhuman attributes are connoted upon the genders in relationship to their gender can be seen in most societies. Elder (1991) goes on to discuss that in the Australian society there is the same type of connotation upon the Asian male, which puts him within the framework of the ’other’, not understood and dehumanized. Asian men are seen as a threat to the social grouping of white females through drugs and sexuality, a departure from the similar threat seen in the United States and Britain of the black male, although the black male represents a threat more often associated with violence (Elder 1991). Therefore, it can be shown that gender relationships are also complicated by race relationships, the individual parts of the whole complicated by the belief in stereotypes that ’define’ social positions within society. The objectification of men, women, and race all provide for definitions that create foundations for how society will view an event that takes place. Under this scenario, when a man commits a violent crime against a woman, it will be viewed, first on the basis of gender, and then on the basis of race. A white woman who is beaten by a white man will be viewed with slightly less threat than a white woman that is beaten by a black man. Where the stereotypes impact the public view on an event, the way in which it is treated through publicity, trial, and in punishment

The Ethical Systems of Noddings and Bell Term Paper

The Ethical Systems of Noddings and Bell - Term Paper Example This in itself makes the argument that all women are nurturing, which is not necessarily true. Her ethics theory is based on this premise. To illustrate, she tells the story of Ceres, who loses her daughter, Proserpine, to Pluto, god of the underworld (373). Grief-stricken, Ceres is taken in by Celeus and finds a sick boy at his home. She cures him and gives him knowledge of agriculture: â€Å"the cared-for shall be blessed not with†¦power, but with the great gift of usefulness† (374). In telling of Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son Isaac, Noddings posits a male system of responsibility to an abstract ideal, which is â€Å"absolute duty toward God† (375). Noddings system repudiates the ideals of an absolute deity and abstract principles in favor of an ethics based on â€Å"natural caring, that makes the ethical possible† (376). In terms of ethics, Noddings asserts that women are concrete thinkers, devoted to an ideal of â€Å"we-ness:†¦ She does not, in whatever personal agony, inflict death upon her child in devotion to either principle or abstract entity† (377). ... I believe the â€Å"have tons of the one-caring and the cared for†, which Noddings describes as â€Å"internal imperatives†(380) refer to the chains of obligation placed upon women. Even Noddings’ language internalizes the position of the oppressed. Bell’s system of ethics presupposes a paradigm. The feminist ethicist must first be aware of the larger society to which she belongs, and whose mores she has internalized, even if she is now questioning them. Class differences, racial and ethnic groups, â€Å"even different classes within those groups† as they relate to gender oppression must be included in an ethical system (18). The societal context of any moral/ethical analysis must be considered, or the analysis will be shallow (20). Bell’s definition of morality is â€Å"a set of prescriptions and prescriptions, a practical list of dos and don’ts† that govern behavior (19). To arrive at a system of feminist ethics, Bell examines different moralities and questions their origin, their place in the larger societal system, their possible inconsistencies and whether or not â€Å"one morality can be shown to be superior to any other† (19). Her ethical system is not synonymous with a common definition of morality. Bell’s paradigm includes the â€Å"reality of violence† routinely directed at women in society (21). This includes â€Å"sexual child abuse, rape, sexual harassment† as well as the legal system’s casual attitude in prosecuting the perpetrators(21). It also includes the persecution of the victim of violence when it occurs in the public sector. By characterizing such violence as a private matter, social institutions thus serve to condone it.  

Facilitating the Project Lifecycle the Skills & Tools to Accelerate Progress for Project Managers, Facilitators, and Six Sigma Project Teams Essay Example for Free

Facilitating the Project Lifecycle the Skills Tools to Accelerate Progress for Project Managers, Facilitators, and Six Sigma Project Teams Essay One of the most important aspects to put into consideration when taking up a project is project risk management. A project risk is an event / condition, which is uncertain that, upon it occurrence brings either a positive or a negative impact on the project. A positive manager should consider this as one of the ten knowledge areas where competence is highly regarded. Risk management is critical, especially to organizations working I multi-project environments and the maturity for risk is high. A wide range of risks is apparent when working in projects involving construction among other engineering work. These risks are mostly attributed to government policy, diversity in stakeholders’ aspirations and the challenges of adding multiple projects. For a good risk management process, there must be a clear statement and understanding of roles and responsibilities, proper skills on technical analysis and the prevailing organizational factors should support the project. Project risk management involves identifying, assessing and prioritizing of risks: and thereafter putting resources to use in order to reduce, monitor and control those risks that could affect the project negatively and increase realizing of opportunities. This report seeks to outline the knowledge acquired on management of risk in projects. Discussion               All organizations exist for their own different purposes, and that of public engineering organizations in the construction business, the purpose is to deliver a service, which brings a beneficial result in the public/ stakeholders interest. Decisions to pump resources into investments on capital infrastructure are prompted by needs that are meant to enhance the achievement of the major purpose. According to Flanagan and Norman (1993), the benefits of efficient risk management are evident especially in projects involving capital infrastructure because they are dynamic in nature and bring positive cost implications from the construction related decisions. Risk management should be taken as an intrinsic part of capital infrastructure investment decisions mainly because, as project ventures get more elaborate, the role of risk management is exemplified. In regard to this realization, some countries have enacted government policies on constructors emphasizing on th e need to incorporate risk management in capital infrastructure schemes. Risk is therefore, in many occasions, viewed as a condition or event whose occurrence will have adverse effects on the project and may hinder the attainment of set objectives. Hence, risk management relates decisions to such probable harmful effects.                  This philosophical approach to risk management enables the process to be broken down into four fundamental sub-processes. These involve identification, analysis, response and monitoring. The former step of identification is the most critical step because it has the biggest effect on decisions emanating from the process of risk management. Reviewing risk management, in his article, Williams (1995), notes that there is little structured work in publication about typical risks. According to Chapman (1998), as much as risk identification is critical on the risk assessment and response phases, very little empirical evidence is available at this early phase. The heavier task in risk management remains in the analysis and response to the risk, yet the reasoning stands that unless the risks are identified, they cannot be analyzed and responded to.                  For most engineers, the need to have a set out program is critical for it provides an umbrella under which all current projects fall so that an outcome can be delivered massively in general, and greater than the total sum of all others. A program is usually temporary, and flexible; created to direct and oversee the implementation of a set of related projects and activities for the deliverance of beneficial outcomes that relate to the organization’s strategic objectives. Several projects are undertaken under this umbrella. This explicitly differentiates between program management outcomes and project management outputs. However, there is a link between projects and strategy through the program. Risk management is becoming an increasingly important process due to external pressures in existence. However, good risk management is seen as a critical attribute of organizational success in the field of engineering. The assumption that programs are merely extensions of projects should cease to exist because many will tend to reflect program risk management to project risk management (Allan, 2008). Program management is a broad extension of the varied, yet related, projects.                  On projects, it is important to define one or more objective functions like capital expenditure and completion time to represent it to measure the probability of achieving the set targets. Risk management then goes on to model the project’s objectives against the projects variables like costs and the quantity of inputs. These variables are usually uncertain as time goes on, hence the uncertainty of a hundred percent achievement of the objectives set. The most ideal situation would be identifying and characterizing the variables in advance providing that they will remain unchanged by time. This would make it easy to estimate the possible risks and the consequent variance of the project’s objective(s). However, not all project variables can be identified as new variables might surface as the project goes on while the probability of occurrence of the initial variables may vary. The impacts of the initial variables, both positive and negative, m ay change too hence making risk management even more hard (Drummond, 1999).                     Certainty and uncertainty of realizing a project’s objectives are measurable, only ideally. The possibility of a project not breaking even could be considered as a representative of the whole project, and then used in turn to evaluate against variable and try and reduce the risks involved as well as become a basis for decision-making. Some projects may proceed normally in a stable environment, hence making the uncertainty high at the time it is conceptualized. Pro-active planning and making prudent decisions will see the uncertainty reduce. However, uncertainty in complex projects within a changing environment will not necessarily reduce/ diminish as time goes by Chapman (1998). It is necessary to keep on checking on the project’s variables and re-evaluating of the objective function’s status to facilitate adjustments in the project’s strategies. Uncertainty surrounds many parts of a project; hence early resolution of vari ables may not be possible always. Variables change over time leading to exposure to new threats and risks along the way. This fact should not be refuted and a lot of work is required in the planning evaluating phases, where most of the critical work is done. In spite of all the uncertainty and complexity surrounding risk management and project management, it is important to seek methods of improving the project’s base value (Drummond, 1999).                  Conceptualization, planning, and implementation of a project is a complex process that requires management based on set strategic objectives, which vary from time to time. The objectives should be integrative and holistic in the sense that it caters for social, political, environmental, and community aspects. Traditionally, planning in project management should form the basis of planning, alongside other functions of project management including; human resource, time, scope, integration, quality and procurement. These should be the fundamental factors f consideration along each phase. A variety of guidebooks, protocols and codes of practice in the engineering field have been made available for use in risk management in project management. In the United Kingdom, the ‘Orange book’ is a framework that is set to offer guidance on basic risk management concepts and as a resource for developing risk management processes and implementing them I the public sector. It is also aimed at using a risk based decision-making on investment. There have been many more publications and publications aimed at dictating hoe risk management should look like. These guidelines have offered a basis upon which projects are appraised and their investment viability tested. This has enhanced the process and shifted its reception and perception from project risk management to a risk management strategic level (Melton, 2011).                  In engineering and construction professions, program management and project management came to existence due to the changing procurement environment. In the United Kingdom, procurement of infrastructural assets was done in a sequential manner, which involved a clear differentiation in the project life cycle phases. Currently there are three major procurement systems, that is; prime contracting, Design and Build procurement and Private Finance Initiative. These methods were because of the need to adopt integrative and collaborative project delivery methods. The procurement systems have features like framework agreements, the use of specifications that are output based, and more importantly, emphasis on the lifelong value of the structures (Shehu and Akintoye, 2009). The office of Government Commerce has facilitated the change in construction procurement in the public sector too. The agency’s main agenda is to ensure that policies are followed and en hancing promotion of the best performance practices. These systems ensure that the project undertaken are of high quality and are in regard to the set policies and guidelines. These sanctions in the public works and construction sector have acted as strategic risk management tools for they ensure quality assurance as well as proper quality management.                  Project management should incorporate the use of a strategy-based management approach. This will facilitate the integration of planning, risk management and decision-making hence ensuring real time real time realization of an optimum of the project’s strategic objective against its variables. The project’s promoters are not always the investors. Investors are not always actively involved in the management of the project, but invest resources into the project hoping to get dividends. The promoters’ objective, on the other hand, is to deliver a facility that will ensure a long term balanced and financially viable business entity. The project is therefore a compromise between the attainment of investors’ interests and that of the community. Project development should be based on a set of strategic objectives, which stamp the project as a business and entwining project decisions to strategic business decisions. Amid all risks, the project should be planned proactively with regards to its variables and with a focus on the life cycle objective functions (Westland, 2007).                  The life cycle objective functions are functions such as: financially related functions- such as the project’s net worth, satisfaction of customers- those affected by aspects such as safety, project utility, operability, and quality, lastly, due diligence must be adhered to- that is, statutory concerns and policies should be observed especially when the project is located in highly populated areas or is adjacent or near ecological systems deemed to be sensitive (Janet Tammy, 2005). This factor also goes hand in hand with the ethical code that is supposed to guide the execution of projects. Proactive planning of the project ensures that project uncertainty is minimized in real time. Effective risk management ensures that there is typical conceptualization of projects and their subsequent implementation using strategic objectives. It also ensures any further variables are assessed and managed accordingly to optimize the project’s strategic ou tcome, that which of a business entity. Since projects are subjected to changes in objectives and variables due to external factors, it is important to incorporate a continuous risk management process that involves continuous risk and uncertainty management process conducted in real time to bring value to the project manager. Strategies made from risk analysis should be seen as a basis upon which decisions are made going forward. Objectives of the life cycle should be used as the vessel for analysis. Reflective assessment                  Engaging in exhaustive personal research and involvement of the same with groups has incapacitated adequately with sufficient knowledge on managing projects as an engineer. I have come to evolve from a mediocre project manager, thinking that technicalities were all I needed, to a project under-taker equipped with the relevant skills. Undertaking projects with my group and alone was not like undertaking them with my professor. Comparing personal projects and those done in groups, with those guided by the professor, flaws are clear to point out. In my first group project, our then project leader, whose name I will not disclose for discretion purposes, was too impulsive at times and objectives were not achieved as expected because of poor decision-making, even on the most obvious issues. The project resulted in high costs in execution unlike what had been anticipated and took longer. However, it is from the mistakes that my group and I learnt the importance of risk management in project management as an important tool to facilitate proactive planning, rather than responding to results. Another lesson learnt from that experience was the need to incorporate continuous analysis as a way of implementing risk management to ensure real time solutions. However, it is through solving these and other hurdles that the learning process in the field has been enhanced and increased my knowledge. The short yet detailed experience coupled with the many articles and critiques I have encountered have inspired me to get to want to explore more on the field by undertaking and managing more projects to experience more than I have. By initiating and overseeing projects as well as assuming responsibility for achievement of objectives and integration will boost my intuition and judgment on decision-making for future projects and for professional expertise. I know trying to venture into projects of high magnitude is a risk, but the ability to tackle the risk itself is way beyond the risk management of the process and a success would ultimately mean victory on both ends. References Allan, N., Davis, J., 2006. Strategic risks — thinking about them differently. Proceedings of ICE 159 Drummond H 1999. Are we any closer to the end Escalation and the case of Taurus? International Journal of Project Management Flanagan, R., Norman, G. (1996). Risk management and construction. Oxford [u.a.], Blackwell Science.Means, J. A., Adams, T. (2005). Facilitating the Project Lifecycle the Skills Tools to Accelerate Progress for Project Managers, Facilitators, and Six Sigma Project Teams. Hoboken, John Wiley Sons. http://www.123library.org/book_details/?id=9130. Melton, T. (2008). Real project planning developing a project delivery strategy. Amsterdam, Butterworth-Heinemann. Shehu, Z., Akintove, A., 2010. Major challenges to the successful implementation and practice of programme management in the construction environment: a critical analysis. International journal of project management Westland, J. (2007). The project management life cycle: a complete step-by-step methodology for initiating, planning, executing closing a project successfully. Williams, T., 1995. A classified bibliography of recent research relating to project risk management. European Journal of Operational Research Source document

Acknowledging Female Stereotypes in Much Ado About Nothing Essay Example for Free

Acknowledging Female Stereotypes in Much Ado About Nothing Essay Women in the Elizabethan age were extremely repressed and discriminated against. Most would not have gone to school or received any type of formal education. They were not allowed to vote, own property, or freely voice their opinions. They were seen as the property of a man, subject to his wants, needs, and not allowed to have their own; men held extremely stereotypical views of their female counterparts that helped them justify the way they treated them. Shakespeare exposes many of these injustices and biases in his stage plays, which are still commonly read and performed today. In Much Ado About Nothing, Claudio moves from seeing women (specifically Hero) as goddesses and wives to adulterers, and then back again to his original views. Claudio initially views Hero according to the established stereotypes, in Act 1, Scene 1 as property. When first speaking of Hero, he refers to her as the â€Å"daughter of Signor Leonato;† while this appears to be simply for identification purposes, he actually relinquishes the power of her name to her guardian (1. 1. 119). Instead of calling her by her given name, Hero, Claudio names her in relation to her more powerful male owner. He goes on to ask Benedick if she is a â€Å"modest young lady,† not wondering only if she is sweet, but if she is literally a virgin (1. 1. 121). A womans virginity was extremely valuable in Elizabethan England, and determined her worth as a potential wife. This outright inquiry into her purity foreshadows the later scandal surrounding it. Benedick asks Claudio if he would buy her, and Claudio responds with a seemingly noble hypothetical question: â€Å"Can the world buy such a jewel?† (1 1 134). While his question seems to imply that she is so valuable that the entire worlds money could not purchase her, it still perpetuates the stereotype that women are pieces of property, albeit very beautiful and expensive ones. Later in the same scene, Claudio demonstrates Elizabethan men’s views of women through Shakespeare’s thematic messages. He remarks that â€Å"in mine eye, [Hero] is the sweetest lady that ever I looked on† (1 1 139). This introduces a reoccurring theme of Much Ado About Nothing of seeing and perception. Here, and later on in the play, Claudio bases his opinions of Hero on her outward beauty and appearance of piety. In addition, the words â€Å"mine† and â€Å"I† stress the importance of Claudio himself, the important, powerful male in the situation. One notes Shakespeares wordplay in the pun implied when â€Å"eye† and â€Å"I† sound interchangeable when spoken aloud. Another theme surfaces in the use of the word â€Å"sworn† in line 144 of Act 1, Scene 1, whereby Claudio makes evident that his honor depends on peoples perception of him and, by proxy, his future wife, Hero. Also notable is the hope he expresses that Hero would â€Å"be [his] wife†, in that he uses language again pertaining to himself; where he could have wished that Hero would â€Å"marry him† or something similar, he instead wishes her to become his property. Claudio reveals that he has had an interest in Hero for a while before their present conversation about her. He admired her before he went away to war, but more pressing, important, masculine issues took his mind off her. This implies that matters of the heart were less valued by men than duty and honor, and that his current infatuation with Hero is sort of an afterthought, something to pursue as he is now bored. This distant, material admiration for Hero quickly turns to contempt when he thinks that Don Pedro has taken her for himself in Act 2, Scene 1. When Don John and Borachio tell him about his friends betrayal, Claudio seems to be angrier with Hero than with the man who stole his prospective bride. He claims â€Å"beauty is a witch, against whose charms faith meltheth into blood† (2 1 135-6). This demonstrates the stereotype that Elizabethan men held of women being easily turned to adulterers – it seems to be her evil beauty that lured Don Pedro into supposedly winning her over for his own. This is again an insult to Claudios pride; Don John and Borachio use forms of the word â€Å"swear† when recounting Don Pedros supposed conquest of Hero, calling to mind how Claudio swore to marry her in the first act. Claudio denounces Hero, and wishes Don Pedro â€Å"joy of her,† once again suggesting women to be objects of personal property, solely existing to fulfill the desires of man. When it is confirmed that Don Pedro was indeed just performing his friendly duties, Claudio instantly reverts to his view of Hero as a perfect, virginal, almost goddess-like potential wife. He says to Hero: â€Å"Lady, as you are mine, I am yours: I give away myself for you, and dote upon the exchange† (2 1 233-4). Claudio acknowledges that Hero is now his property, and as that is an accepted custom in Elizabethan England, it is therefore deemed heroic that he gives himself to her, as well. Using the word â€Å"exchange† suggests a formal transaction of property, which is what is really transpiring between Claudio and Leonato. Claudio expresses his anticipation for the wedding, as time moves slowly â€Å"till love have all his rites† (2 1 269-70); the two meanings of rites as the actual ceremony and rights as a husband provide insight into this. He feels a necessity for their union to be official, as legally marrying Hero will give him legal ownership of her, and her property. Though he claims to love her, his affection could ultimately be seen as a want of her dowry. Claudio shows his opinions of women in his comical description of Beatrice’s love for Benedick in Act 2, Scene 3. He describes her grief over her unrequited love in a ridiculous way, saying that she threw a savage fit. This implies Beatrice, and by extension all women, to be controlled and weakened by their emotions. Claudio says that Hero had told him that Beatrice would surely die if her situation with Benedick progresses in any direction, again poking fun at womens irrationality. He suggests she wear herself out by talking to someone about her love, as though she were a small child throwing a temper tantrum. Like most men of his time, Claudio appears to believe that womens perceived lack of control of their emotions made them less worthy of esteem. His view of women again turns cynical again when he receives news in Act 3, Scene 2 that leads him to believe that Hero has had an affair with another man. Don John uses the word â€Å"disloyal† to describe her actions, and Claudio repeats that word in outrage and confusion about this blow to his honor (3 2 76). Being â€Å"disloyal† seems worse than most other things, in that it has wounded Claudios pride and reputation. The prefix â€Å"dis† is extremely negative and poignant. He emphasizes that if he sees anything with his own eyes, he will believe these accusations. He describes the issue as â€Å"mischief strangely thwarting,† and extends that description to all women in general; here he shows that he has moved from seeing women as wives and goddesses to adulterers and shrews. At their wedding ceremony in Act 4, Scene 1, Claudio spitefully and ironically addresses Hero with all sorts of virginal, innocent, pure language like â€Å"maid† (4 1 19). He again describes her as property in calling her a â€Å"rich and precious gift,† yet this time it is with an air of contempt and scorn (4 1 23). Continuing the theme of perception and sight, he calls Hero â€Å"but the sign and semblance of her honor,† implying that she merely put on a facade of virginity and purity (4 1 28). He asks the attendees of the wedding and, by extension, the audience, to acknowledge that her innocence is merely a show. Claudio accuses her girlish blush to be truly that of guilt and shame. Where previously he has referred to Hero as a maid, here he calls her only â€Å"like† a maid; this literal comparison emphasizes his change of feeling toward her and her sex. He facetiously describes her as the goddess of chastity and the moon, Diana, and of an unopened flower bud virgin in appearance only. Then he compares her to Venus, goddess of sexuality, and even to mindless beasts that act only on impulse and instinct. In the line â€Å"Marry that Hero, Hero itself can blot out Heros virtue,† he proclaims that women are the source of their own downfall (4 1 75). Where her outward appearance was that of a virtuous young lady, her perceived actions lead Claudio to believe her to be a whore. Although one could argue that Claudios view of women was that of all Elizabethan men, including Shakespeare himself, the development of Benedicks opinions show that this is not true. He begins the play disliking the idea of marriage and especially marriage to Beatrice, yet, through the dramatic action, he learns to love and appreciate her for her previously detested intelligence and wit. Benedick learns to value women for the humans they are, and yet Claudio still sees them as property at the end of the play. This suggests that Shakespeare realizes that, although he can bring attention to the issue of gender equality in his works, he cannot expect the audience to fully accept his ideas. Claudio constantly moves between stereotypes in his views of women in this play: he alternatively sees Hero as wife, goddess, adulterer, and everything in between. Shakespeare’s specific word choice and themes revealed in Much Ado About Nothing provide insight into how women were actually thought of and treated in Elizabethan England, and how the author himself believed they should be. Today, the centuries-old fight for gender equality is far from over. But, like Shakespeare, we can hope that all women will eventually be respected as equals, like Beatrice. Works Cited McDonald, Russ. The Bedford Companion to Shakespeare. Boston: Bedford, 2010. Shakespeare, William. Much Ado about Nothing. Ed. Mary Berry and Michael Clamp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

The Tourism Sector In Albania

The Tourism Sector In Albania Albania is a parliamentary republic, where the legislative power belongs to the Albanias Assembly and the head of the state is the President who is elected by the Assembly for a five year mandate with the right to be re-elected. The Council of Ministers is the highest executive and commanding organ which is directed by Prime Minister. According to Census 2011 preliminary results Albania has a population of 2,831,741 inhabitants in a surface of 28,748 sq km. Albania is located in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula. The country has a 750 km borderline with Montenegro to the North, Kosovo to the Northeast, Macedonia to the East, Greece to the South and Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea (Italy) to the West. Albania has Mediterranean climate, which is characterized by hot summers and mild winters with abundant rainfalls. The period from June to September is hot, while from October to May is cool and wet. The average annual temperature varies from + 15oC in the north to + 16.5oC in the south. The hottest month is July with an average temperature of + 25oC and the coldest month is January with an average of +6oC, although the record temperature has been -34oC. For almost 45 years the communist regime, which was installed in Albania after the Second World War, left the country aside the rest of the world being part of the communist bloc of the Eastern Europe. The communist regime of Tirana even went further by isolating Albanian people totally and brought the country to collapse. With the fall of communist regimes of the Eastern Europe, Albania was the last one to join the free world. A democratic system was setup in power in 1992. Due to governments commitment to a free market economy, the country undertook a programme of reforms and made great efforts to recover from the fall of communist regime. However, the collapse of the fraudulent pyramid schemes in 1997 and the instability that followed were a tremendous setback for Albania. But the country did pursuit its way toward its dream, to be part of the European community. Till there country has made a great progress. Two big achievements are accomplished, in June 2006, the Albanian Governm ent signed a Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) with the European Union (EU), the first step in the EU accession process and three years later, in April 2009, Albania became a NATO member country. Now country is looking to accessing negotiations to be an EU member country. A range of reforms are progressing markedly over the last decade to Albanias economy and administration such as reforms in infrastructure development, tax collection, property law, business administration, judiciary system. The country was largely spared from the severe fallout of the 2008-2009 financial crisis since its economy is not heavily integrated into the Euro-Atlantic system. Economic progress of the country has slowed but remained positive, in each year from 2009 to 2011. The governments main task is to maintain positive economic growth while preserving macroeconomic stability. Major challenges are the difficult fiscal and budgetary environment and the crises in the Eurozone, especially in neighboring Greece and Italy (major trading partners of Albania with a large presence in the banking sector and also host to roughly one million Albanian emigrants). In 2011, GDP was estimated to have reached close to $13 billion. Major contributors to GDP according to 2010 preliminary data were: service sector with 57.6% including trade, hotels, and restaurants (20.9%), transport (6.3%), communication (3.4%), and other services 27%; agriculture 20.3%; industry 11.3%; and construction 10.7%. In 2011 unemployment officially stood at 13.3%. Half of the workforce is considered self-employed in the agriculture sector. GDP per capita in 2011 is estimated to have reached $4,560. Although GDP per capita has steadily increased over the years, the country still ranks as one of the poorest countries in Europe according to major income indicators. Albania has put in place a liberal foreign investment regime, and the government is working to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms and infrastructure improvements. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has increased significantly over the last few years and in 2010 reached $1.1 billion, up from $262 million in 2005. Since 2005, the Government of Albania has invested more than $2 billion in the countrys main road corridors, and it has pledged to continue investing heavily in improving transportation infrastructure. Electricity supply has also improved due to investments in new transmission lines and new generation sources as well as the privatization of the distribution system, which is gradually increasing efficiency. The EU remains Albanias main trading partner, providing 64.1% of Albanias imports and receiving 72.5% of exports as of December 2011. Trade with Italy and Greece continues to represent the largest share of EU trade, with a combined 41.1% of imports and 58.3% of exports in 2011. Other major trading partners include Turkey, China, and Germany. The impact of CEFTA in Albanias trade with member countries has been small. 2.1.2 Tourism in Albania The Potentials for Tourism Development in Albania Albania is a small country but a beautiful and fascinating country with substantial tourism development potential. Albania has an attractive coastline and a rich cultural and natural heritage. As Tourism Strategy on Culture and Environment  [1]  has highlighted, country has a wide range of historic, cultural and natural attractions that are of great interest to international tourists. The same assessment is made to the countrys very rich culture and heritage by Culture Marketing Strategy  [2]  document, too, stressing that Albania has a very rich, distractive, and authentic culture and heritage from the Greco-Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman and other historic periods up to the modern day. This assessment is mentioned also to verbatim comments from interviews with western tour operators and travel writers  [3]  , where one of them have citied that Albania is an archaeological site from tip to toe, going back to Illyrian settlements, Greek colonies, Roman occupation, not to ment ion the invasions from Goths, Bulgars, Byzantines, Crusaders of the Holy Roman Empire and Ottomans who all but stopped time in tracks. Evidence of these civilizations are everywhere in Albania, and its time to let the world see the great and wondrous sitesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦... Albania has 3 World Heritage Sites Butrint, Gjirokaster and Berat. Beaches are long and sandy with hot sunny summers with about 250 sunny days. The mountain areas offer opportunities for niche tourism activities like hiking, biking, canoeing etc. Plenty of National Parks and other natural reserves offer ecological experiences. Country offers beautiful and diverse landscapes and abundant and varied flora and fauna. Current tourism markets Since the late 1990s, after the 97 instability in the country and 99 war in Kosovo, tourism activities are increasing. As figures  [4]  show there is a considerable increasing number of international visitors after the year 2000, due to the improvement of regional and inner country political climate and enhance of the security in the country. A big impact to the increase of the flux of tourists from Kosovo has show the new highway linking Albania with Kosovo. Even this increasing numbers are impressive, the tourism sector in Albania cannot be regarded as being well developed. Infrastructure has been till late a major limitation. The government in power has evaluated the development of infrastructure as very important and is investing heavily in improvements  [5]  . Data from the table below shows that: Total foreign visitor traffic increased by 18.4% in 2010 compared to 2009 to 3,612,000 visits. Taking into consideration the crisis time this is an excellent performance for Albanian tourism. 33% were non-resident Albanians and 66.1% were foreign staying visitors in 2010. Much of the increase came from Kosovo. This is evident to see the impact that the new highway with brought to Albanian tourism, a clear indicator of strong growth created by improvements in infrastructure. According to MoTCYS data, for the year 2011 a total of some four million visitors entered in Albania. They included 2,734,000 foreign tourists and 1,267,000 non-resident Albanian nationality visitors. The figures demonstrate that the biggest increase of foreign tourists in 2010 was coming from Kosovo with 48.79% followed by Macedonia with 11.43% compared to 2009. The foreign tourists from western countries havent made such a big progress. Also, as can be seen, the number of non-resident Albanians has been increasing in 2008 and 2009, while in 2010 the figure has faced a decrease. From the table below can be seen the increasing number of visitors in July and August. Such a phenomenon is shaping drastically the seasonality of tourism in Albania. In 2010 the number of tourist that visited Albania in these two months was 55.44% compared to the number of all visitors. Also, another problem related to these figures is the high dependency in Balkan region tourist flow. This demonstrates that the tourists in July-August are coming only for sea and sand and populating only the coastal areas. Strategic directions for tourism at national level According to National Strategy for Tourism Development in Albania 2002 2012, developed with the assistance of GTZ, the main tourism products for Albanian tourism are defined sun and sea, business and special interest tourism  [6]  . While the Strategy and Action Plan for the Development of the Albanian Tourism Sector Based on Cultural and Environmental Tourism was developed within the directions and structure established by the 2002 Tourism Development Strategy 2002-2012 for Albania. This document provides a new orientation for the government to position Albania as an attractive destination for tourists seeking a unique experience which encourage them to discover Albanias culture and nature. Discovery of Albania is a presentation of a broad cross-section of Albanias history, nature, archaeology, living culture, cuisine and hospitality. The graphic below presents a simple schematic. Core and Specialised Tourism Products Source: Strategy for the Development of the Albanian Tourism Sector Based on Cultural and Environmental Tourism. Ministry of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports, UNDP December 2005 According to strategy document, Albanias core (primary) tourism product must be a general one that encourages visitors to discover the many facets of Albanias culture and nature. Albanias central product will be the discovery of Albania. The product is a presentation of a broad cross-section of Albanias history, nature, archaeology living culture, cuisine and hospitality. Visitors participating in this discovery will leave with a lasting impression of the diversity, complexity and beauty of culture and the land. This segment does not make a strong distinction between cultural, natural and other tourism products. Visitors in this segment tend to combine many different activities during their visits, and usually see the various natural and cultural activities as part of the process of discovering the destination. Referring to the major market segments mentioned above, the tourism resources in Albania are in favor and support the types of community-based tourism, i.e. nature-based tourism, adventure tourism and cultural tourism. Considering these tourism resources, the following types of activities can be developed: Nature: Visiting national parks and protected areas Viewing wildlife Seeing rare species Trekking, hiking Bicycle trips Education and learning Participation in local events; and River and lake exploring. Culture: Visiting cultural and heritage-related attractions Visiting museums and art centres Meeting with artists Meeting people from various ethnic nationalities Seeing local handicrafts and the process of making them Visiting scenic landmarks and religious sites Trying local food Participating in local traditional ceremonies and festivals Buying traditional crafts and local specialties. Potential to development Albania offers infinite potential to investors to take advantage of unexplored opportunities in tourism, and helping to develop this industry into a key strategic sector in the countrys economy. Albania has a young population, with a high level of instruction and able to communicate with foregners in defferent languagies. Albanian is located at short distances from the main European capital cities and albanians are friendly and very hospitable people. The improved Rinas international airport, and different ports from the north to the south easy the access to the country. The continuing improvement and development of the infrastructure in the country, is facilitating moving inside the country. Continuing improvements are being made to encourage investors to develop the infrastructure for tourism in Albania. Just like other countries in the Western Balkans, Albania has put into place legislation and investment initiatives designed to support the economic growth of the country compatible with European policies and working principles. The Albanian Government has made support of the current and future expansion of tourism a priority, with the goal of transforming the country into a Mediterranean tourist destination and placing it on the world map of tourism. In an effort to support the continuing development of the tourism industry in Albania and to make this country a tourist destination, the importance of the active engagement of the local and international Business Community and strong Partnerships between community based organizations, government and regional development agencies is a must. Internal transport is likely to remain a major limitation for tourism in the foreseeable future except perhaps for road transport along key highways where upgrading / reconstruction is already planned or committed. In the WEF Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report, Albanias tourism infrastructure is rated in the bottom two in the region (See Table 2.2). In recent years there has been an increasing interest from incoming foreign tourists, especially with significant increasing numbers of international tourist groups generated from Croatia and Montenegro, organised in one or two days tours to Albania. Also Business and Trade tourism accounts a considerable number of foreign visitors. Neighbour countries, such as Italy, Greece especially are related to trade and business purpose of visit of their nationals. From the western tourists visiting Albania in 2006, are identified those arriving from Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Greece, USA, Canada, France, Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Scandinavia, Switzerland, the neighbouring countries and regions (Kosovo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Macedonian, Bulgaria), East Europe (Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Russia). Diaspora is another source for the inbound tourism, where the ethnic Albanians from Kosovo do count considerable numbers. The new road under construction from Milot (the crossroad to the highway Tirane-Shkoder) to Morini (the boarder-crossing point with Kosovo) will influence to increase the numbers of Kosovos citizens to access the Albanian coastal area. The market profile of visitors who enter to Albania by road from Muriqani and Hani i Hotit (the boarder-crossing points with Montenegro) with interest for Shkodra region for the year 2006 is as below: Foreigners who are living and working in Albania have also recently started to create an internal tourism demand. While there is no official record on domestic tourism in Albania, domestic tourism is the dominating form of tourism. This is mainly focussed on beach centred holidays. 1.3.2 National context for Tourism Development Albania has a great potential for tourism development based on its natural, cultural and human resources. The country has an attractive coastline, rich biodiversity with lagoons, lakes and the mountain areas each with unique flora and fauna, unspoiled nature and attractive scenery, cultural and historical sites and interesting traditional life-styles. The country therefore has the potential to develop the types of tourism products that are in demand from the international market in the Mediterranean region. Beside to the long and sandy beaches along the Adriatic coast and these rocky ones with crystal and clean sea waters of the Ionian coast, its natural and protected areas are basic for developing niche tourism activities such as eco-tourism and nature based activities. Such an activities can be hiking, trekking, walking, horseback-riding, river rafting, paragliding, mountain biking, climbing, canoeing, sightseeing, bird watching, fishing. Rural green and agri-tourism offers new opportunities for communities to benefit from tourism by offering visitor experiences based on traditional lifestyles. Albania also can offer cultural tourism through its archaeological sites and historic cities and villages. Albania is a short distance destination for Europe; it is within 3 hours of flying time of most major European cities and therefore is a short haul destination for the potentially huge European market, the World tourism Organisation predict that by 2020 the Mediterranean Region which includes Albania will be a hotspot for tourism, thus there is a great potential for Albania to develop and expand its tourism industry. On the other side, uncontrolled development in tourism areas has harmed the potential of these areas for tourism development. Even the measures taken by the government to legalise the illegal buildings are not considering for the moment those constructed in tourism areas, it is not clear what will be the measures taken in these areas to improve the environment by the harm of illegal buildings. Some significant measures are taken recently by the government. These measures, at the national level, encompass strategy and policy documents such as, the development of the Strategy for Cultural and Environmental Tourism in 2005 and the development of a new tourism website in 2006. A new Tourism Law (Nr.9734, dated 14.5.2007) was adopted by the parliament and a number of regulations approved by the government is thought to regulate the tourism sector development. Tourism development is the responsibility of the MoTCYS (Ministry of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports). NTA (National Tourism Agency) is an autonomous body outside the MoTCYS, being responsible for promotion activities through the production of promotional materials and participation in the international tourism fairs. The most attended fairs, regularly from years in Berlin (ITB) and London (WTM), and to RDA (Keln) from 2007. At the regional level, six tourist information offices are approved to be established in Tirana, Shkodra, Vlora, Saranda, Korà §a and Durres. At the national level there are operating two business Associations for Tourism Travel Agencies and one Association of Hotels. A GTZs project on Institutional building of tourism private sector in Albania is in the process for the time being with the aim to establish a strong representation for all the sectors involved in tourism, with the common interest providing services to the members as well as building relationship and cooperation with the public sector. Albanian Rourism Even the figures on tourist arrivals are growing considerably year after year in Albania, the country has remained highly dependant on summer holidays. Looking on the statistical data published recently in the websites of Ministry of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports (http://www.mtkrs.gov.al/) and of National Tourism Agency (http://www.akt.gov.al/akt/text.php?id=1lang=1), is easily evident that the number of visitors visiting Albania succeeded 2.5 million in 2008 and only for the period January August 2009 this figure was over passing 2.1 million. As reported by MTCYS, the number of visitors in 2008 (2.578.627 visitors) is compound as international visitors 1.330.138, from which 1.247.125 were overnight visitors and 83.013 same day visitors, and 1.248.489 visitors were Albanian nationals residing abroad. While the number of visitors for the period January August 2009 (2.111.981 visitors) is compound as 1.402.558 international visitors and 709.423 Albanian nationals residing abroad . But does this picture speak for real success in the development of Albanias tourism as a tourist destination visited by the western tourists? We have to bear in mind that the main reason for the development of tourism is attracting foreign visitors from countries with strong currencies. Tourism is considered a hidden export that brings money (hard currency) to the country. Referring to the Strategy and Action Plan for the Development of the Albanian Tourism Sector Based on Cultural and Environmental Tourism produced by Ministry of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports with the support of UNDP in 2005, Albania will specialize in attracting educated, independent travelers and specialized group travelers. The principal target markets will be upper-middle income individuals from Europe (primarily northern Europe and the United Kingdom) and North America. This segment represents the demographic segment with the highest willingness to pay for Albanias unique products, and whose spending patterns will most contribute to advancing development goals. Also, in this strategic document is specified that Albanias central product will be the discovery of Albania. The product is a presentation of a broad cross-section of Albanias history, nature, archaeology, living culture, cuisine and hospitality. Visitors participating in this discovery will leave with a lasting impr ession of the diversity, complexity and beauty of the culture and the land. The question is this: Are these kind of tourists visiting Albania contributing to this strategic direction? The answer is, NO.

Abortion Essay -- essays research papers

Partial-Birth Abortion Act During the Clinton administration the Partial-Birth Abortion Act, a bill that would make it illegal in all of the United States for a partial-birth abortion to be performed, caused major debate throughout the House of Representatives and the Senate; recently different versions of the bill had been passed through the both the House of Representatives and the Senate. In prior years Clinton had vetoed similar bills to ban partial-birth abortions. The House and Senate have passed somewhat different versions of the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act (S-1692), sponsored by Congressman Charles Canady (R-Fl.) and Senator Rick Santorum (R-Pa.). This bill would place a national ban on partial-birth abortions. President Clinton successfully vetoed similar bills in 1996 and 1998. When the Senate approved S.1692 last October, it was by a margin two votes short of the two-thirds majority needed to override a veto. The congressional bills are similar to a Nebraska law that was struck down by a five-justice majority of the U.S. Supreme Court on June 28 in the case of Stenberg v. carhart. After carefully examining that ruling, the leading sponsors of the bill decided that it would be more productive to focus on other pro-life bills for the remainder of this congressional session. (National Right to Life News, August 2000) Partial-Birth Abortion is used after twenty weeks of pregnancy. The doctor pulls the baby out of the mother with forceps feet first and stops when the only thing remaining inside the mother is the baby’s head. The doctor then takes a pair of scissors and inserts them into the back of the neck of the child, spreads them apart and then proceeds to suction the brain of the child out of it’s head. The child is now no longer living and can be disposed of. Under current legislation the only factor that separates partial-birth abortion from homicide is the fact that the child’s head remains inside the mother while the procedure is performed. The Partial-Birth Abortion Act is not a bill to make abortion illegal just partial-birth abortions. Those who support this bill in the Senate are pro-life, whil... ...ter, June 2001) The laws were overturned by the United States Court of Appeals in Illinois and Wisconsin following the Supreme Court’s lead. United States District Judge Arthur Tarnow overturned the ban in Michigan. Planned Parenthood had challenged the laws in all three states and was said to be gratified by the decisions. â€Å"We are pleased with these rulings because they protect women’s health from being sacrificed to a dishonest campaign to demonize a safe and medically necessary procedure.† Planned Parenthood continued," And we are reminded again, as all Americans should be, of the importance of a fair-minded and independent federal judiciary.† Another problem with the ban on partial-birth abortions is what to do in the case of a health threat involving the mother. If a pregnant women faces death through the birth of her child do we save the mother or the child? Another problematic example is if the mother already has children, and partial-birth abortions are illegal, the child could potentially be born and the mother could pass leaving all of her children to grow up without a mother.

William Goldings Lord of the Flies: The Joy of Hating Piggy :: William Golding Lord of the Flies

William Golding's Lord of the Flies: The Joy of Hating Piggy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In many novels there's usually a character the reader loves to hate. Whether that character be a loser, a loner, or someone who's just chubby, we all have made fun of that particular person at least once in our lives. Throughout William Golding's novel, Lord of the Flies, he illustrates the joy of readers in hating Piggy's character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning of the novel, when Ralph meets Piggy after the plane crash, Piggy regretfully tells Ralph what the kids used to call him at school, â€Å" They used to call me ‘Piggy'.†(1) Ralph then shrieks with laughter and makes fun of Piggy's nickname, â€Å"Piggy! Piggy!†(2) Ralph goes on and on with giving Piggy a bad time, just as kids normally would. This could be Ralph's way of trying to distract himself from the reality of the airplane smashup. By the author's description of Piggy and the contents of Piggy's talks, all of us have a good idea of how he looks like and how he acts. We can all relate to him as that ‘fat nerd' that always sat alone in the cafeteria. We all had nicknames for the ‘loner'. We knew deep down that this was a bad thing to do but we enjoyed putting him or her down.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Piggy is smarter than most of the survivors. You could see this because he was aware of the situation around him whereas Ralph enjoyed the freedom. It was Piggy's idea to write down all of the survivors' names and he knew where to put the hole in the conch and what it could be used for. Piggy is also clever in which when he is asked to do something physical, whether it would be exercise or hard labour, he says he cannot do it because of his asthma, but most people could see that he is lying. An example of this is when he was afraid to swim.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Piggy tip-toed down the sandy side of the pool, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sat there up to his neck in water smiling proudly at   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ralph.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Aren't you going to swim? '   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Piggy shook his head.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœI can't swim. I wasn't allowed. My asthma----'   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœSucks to your ass-mar!' †(3) Ralph could easily tell that Piggy was lying, and whimping out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Piggy is different from the other survivors, he is considered as an outsider. His body is different, he also thinks different from the other boys. At first he is the only one talking about and wanting to get rescued, yet all the other boys are either happy with their freedom and exploring the island or

Communication Is the Key to Teamwork Essay -- Teamwork

There are many different benefits to having diverse dynamics within a team. Communication seems to be the key to making the dynamics of a team work. A team is very much an interpersonal relationship with many potential benefits as well as pitfalls. The dynamics can often cause conflict within that team which can negatively affect the team's performance. It is common for people on a team to try to ignore or bury problems due to a desire to not create a scene. This can be very destructive because the issues do not get resolved. There are some specific steps that can be taken to resolve that conflict. When it comes to resolving an issue, the methods of doing so can be as dynamic as the team itself. Dynamics are the forces at play that influence the behavior of a group. The feelings of inclusion or exclusion and who is responsible for what or how happy they are with it are some of the dynamics. How the meeting place or office is laid out, openly or as cubicles can affect how a team communicates. The enabling of hidden or side communication verses open group communication can adversely affect a team and the attitude. Rewards and recognition for great ideas and jobs well done should be given fairly and equally. No one should seem to be getting more privileges than others in a team. This could harbor feelings of resentment with the other members of that team. The way in which a team goes about solving problems, company policies or, the "status quo" can also affect the performance of a team (Team 2013). Team dynamics provide great benefits of social interaction and communications. Social benefits of team dynamics includes interactive learning, exchanging different ideas, sharing opinions, supporting team members with any prob... ...heir own or with the help from a mediator (2011, Pg. 158, Par. 2). As the old saying goes, "An ounce of prevention is worth more than a pound of cure." The dynamics of a team can be very diverse. Sometimes that's good and sometimes it's bad. It is so important to extinguish all issues from the very beginning because otherwise they lie buried and slowly build into something that is blown out of proportion. It is important to safeguard the team from this by setting up a system of routine meetings, and team rules to where people have a chance to discuss and solve potential problems in an open unbiased forum. References DeJanasz, Dowd, Schneider. (2011). Interpersonal Skills in Organizations. New York. McGraw-Hill. Pgs. 158-248. Team Technology (2013) "Team Dynamics", Para 5. Resourced: 13 Mar. 2015 from http://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/team-dynamics.html

Research paper budgeting Essay

The research project is the opportunity to demonstrate your understanding of the readings as well as think critically about budgeting and budgeting processes. This is a five to seven page paper (double spaced, 12 point, Times New Roman). You will need a thesis statement, background and supporting information, and a conclusion. The paper is an analysis on your topic choice and may include a mix of theory and practice from one or more government examples. The paper requires at least five sources with citations (APA format) – at least three of which must be â€Å"high-quality academic† sources. (To find appropriate resources, use http://library.nau.edu/research.html – JSTOR and SAGE Journals Online are good options. Your textbooks are also acceptable.) You will be graded on both the quality of the ideas and the quality of your work product. Topics Choices †¢Public budgeting and ethics †¢Innovative and/or new revenue sources for government †¢History and trends of budget expenditures †¢International budgeting models †¢Public engagement in budgeting (outreach to the public, providing information, etc.) †¢Innovation in budgeting models and approaches †¢Public budgeting and the impact on the economy †¢The differences between public budgeting and corporate budgeting practices †¢Evolution of public budgeting in the Internet era †¢The politics and impact of a major budget change (e.g., Social Security, World War II) †¢Public policy implications of public budget constraints †¢Pros/cons of alternative budgeting processes †¢Alternative topic choices must be submitted for approval Presentation You will make a five minute presentation to the class on your research project on the final day of class. You will also be expected to answer a few questions. This presentation must include a one-page outline or summary handout of your comments. Grades will be based on the quality of ideas, handout material and presentation. To receive full credit, presentations must highlight key information about the project, including a broad overview of the topic, important details and significant findings; handout material must be well-crafted with minimal errors; and presentations must be the required length (give or take 30 seconds) and professional with complete thoughts.

Reflective Practice Essay

Reflective practice is the process of looking back on the work you have previously done in order to get better understanding of yourself, how you work, your thoughts, feelings and anything you can learn from those experiences, whether good or bad. It is a way of learning by reviewing and thinking back over a situation or an activity. As a result you can identify your strengths and weaknesses and start working on improving yourself. Most of the time you do some form of reflection without even realising it. You can use different methods for a reflective practice: keeping a diary or a journal, writing down what happened can help you get a clear picture of a situation having a debriefing, supervision, group discussion as your colleagues and manager can provide a vital support and help in reviewing your practice simply taking a break and thinking about what happened can help you put your thoughts in order. Following an example of a reflective circle, that contains six steps, can give you an idea of how to reflect. 1. Description- think about what happened? 2. Feelings- what did you think and how did you feel about it? 3. Evaluation- what were the positives and the negatives? 4. Analysis- what sense can you make of it? 5. Conclusion- what else could you have done? 6. Action plan- what will you do next time? Reflective practice is important as it helps to improve the quality of service we deliver. It can give you an awareness of your own personal thoughts and feelings, your strengths and weaknesses. It can help you identify learning needs, which areas you need to improve and work on. In effect it’s a great professional development tool. Reflective practice can help you learn what works for certain service users, as they are all individual, sometimes different approach and attitude needs to be taken. You will gain the knowledge of what could be added or taken  away in order to provide an individual care package. It will help you to think about how you work, what you’ve done well and what can you do to improve the things in the future. Care Standards are essential when it comes to a reflective practice as they help care workers provide the same quality of care across the service. You need to know the standards to understand what is expected of you as a support worker, you should than reflect on them to make sure they are met in your every day work.

Growth Of Population And Resources Environmental Sciences Essay

Garrett Hardin foremost wrote â€Å" The Tragedy of the Commons † , and was published in his diary Science in 1968, and it is one of the much talked about in the universe of today. He mentioned the calamity of parks as the developments of worlds on environment by giving specific illustration on 4 herders and their attitude towards environment ( Hardin, 1968 ) . It gained impulse during agricultural revolution and was restricted to depletion of environment by over graze or by hapless agricultural patterns. Hardin specially discusses about the effects that society face as a consequence of the action towards environment to deduce benefits. The effects faced by the present universe can be due to depletion of Resources and the affect on ecosystem. The calamity of parks has now become a cardinal of understanding for many local and planetary ecological jobs. Calamity of common is non applicable in modern universe because Hardin has given illustration about the grazing land and it is limited to a certain country and he focused chiefly on debasement caused by worlds straight where as in todays universe the affect on environment is caused by other factors for case the pollution caused by mills ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution ) . His statement although had brought a batch of unfavorable judgment but the result of the present universe is really much related to what might hold happened during his clip. The Earth can be an illustration of a grazing land and the four herders and the cattles responsible for the depletion are the human population utilizing the resources and the engineering responsible for rapid diminution in resources. It has besides developed much attending to research workers and experts and to work on it ( Crowe, 1977 ) . Those plants include the research on behavioural scientific disciplines, from psychological science to political scientific discipline and from economic sciences to biology. The environmental jobs of today are due to population det onation, human greed and are now pulling more attending towards economic development ( www.freedom21agenda.org ) . Human population is turning at an exponential rate and their stuff wants excessively, where as the resources to bring forth wants that the Earth provides is minimum and non plenty to do the turning population ( Malthus, 1798 ) . Resources are non plenty to run into the huge population and as a consequence the impact on environment is terrible. Human have unlimited wants and the impulse to fulfill their wants is chief ground for development of natural resources. The environmental job related to present universe is chiefly due to unsustainable usage of resources. Worlds greed has exceeded the capacity and alternatively of utilizing the resources at sustainable degree they have started to utilize more resources to maximise production because people consume more as compared to those in olden yearss. Peoples explore and deplete non renewable resources and utilizing resources like ne'er used earlier. Renewable resources are depleted faster that they can non be renewed so therefore there is more force per unit area on resources. The chief job that present coevals faces is promotion of economic development. Harmonizing to study of Brundtland Commission of United Nations, the developed states have already exhausted their ain resources and face the challenges from developing states. The impact on environment by developed states was monolithic and the result is witnessed today and if the development states follow the footfalls of developed states the effects will be a catastrophe. The existent unrecorded state of affairs faced by Caspian Sea on depletion of piscaries provides one of the best illustrations of effects of the human impact. The present carnal species of Caspian Sea has deteriorated to an extent that it faces a menace of extinction in future. The chief ground for the diminution was deficiency of cooperation among those states who portion and uses the resources and hapless direction ( Pourkazemi, 2006 ) . However the low resources could be solved if the people come up with some possible solutions to get the better of the jobs. Some Potential solution could be modulating the usage of resources, making and apportioning rights to resources and Population control and sustainable usage of resources. However, all these solutions will be successful if the Government takes enterprises in explicating programs and effectual execution to work out the corporate action job. However those solutions will non be successful because people, societies and states have different sentiment and even International Organization such as United Nations ( UN ) face tough challenges to convert member Nations to command and forestall nature from development ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.un.org/en/global issues/environment ) . The calamity of parks is really much related to the actions and effects of our present universe. It is clear that the universe has reached at the phase where everything has become scarce and expensive. Human existences have to make up one's mind whether the limited stock the Earth has at the minute should be used at a sustainable rate or maintain on working the limited resources and face the effects. The calamity of parks as explained by Garrett in 1968 is apprehensible even by the populace. It was found in in-between ages where the most common adult male was outstanding during those times. This likely must hold happened during Agricultural revolutions because there is adequate grounds to turn out and back up this statement. The Calamity of parks is a really good illustration, and the writer mentioned about worlds exploitation to natural universe and different sentiment of single or degree of cooperation at international degree in restricting overexploitation of natural resources. Ga rrett has really given the privilege to conceive of about the grazing land land opened to 4 herders. While reflecting the article, is an illustration ( foremost sketched booklet by Lloyd, 1833 ) , affecting mediaeval land term of office in Europe, of Herders sharing a common package of land, on which they are each entitled to allow their cattles graze. The four herders are sharing the grazing land land, which can merely back up 24 cattles before it gets depleted. Each one of them was supposed to hold 3 cattles each. Now its debatable here how four of them would wish to pull off the grazing land land. The three Environmental motor graduated table ( Schultz, 2000 ) or personal motive for the environmental concern is effectual here. If one of them decides to add one more cow, he will have all the benefits of the cow, but it is obvious he portions merely of the cost to the corporate grazing land. He earns a net income. This will actuate the other herder and they besides start to add mor e cattles to maximise net incomes. This shows all the cow Herders have egocentric concern for the environment and this will decidedly hold a negative impact on environment. Soon they will transcend 24 cattles and the graze cow will overdrive and consume the grazing land. They knew this could go on but out of greed for privation of more net income they over use the grazing land. If anyone of them had the selfless and limits himself, this would hold affected him due to overdrive of the grazing land by others, he would hold suffered while others have profited. The other solution could be that if they have divided the land, each one would hold had the privilege to take attention of the land allotted or divided to them and this might hold accounted for true cost, or if they have all cooperated and reciprocally decided to pull off the land, this would hold accounted for true cost, together, ( Hardin, Science 162 ) . Worlds have undergone tonss of passages since centuries ago, from mobile life to major agricultural revolution followed by Industrial and Post Industrial Revolutions. Prehistoric Societies have contributed to dramatic transmutation of human societies. The manner of life of Human changed as passage took topographic point. Population increased and demand for more nutrient has resulted in alteration in Environment ( Adapted from: Brant, E. ( 1995 ) . People allow this happened chiefly for three grounds: Figure: 1.1 Picture picturing Prehistoric Societies ( Human Transitions ) The ever-growing Human Population around the universe has become one of the major causes of negative impacts on environment. Harmonizing to Economics, it states that human wants are limitless and the resources to run into satisfaction to human stuff wants are scarce. The Malthusian theory clearly explains that while the adult male could increase his subsistence merely in arithmetical patterned advance, his figure tended to increase in geometrical patterned advance, ( Malthus, The Essay, p.479 ) . The Population is turning at an dismaying rate while the nutrient to feed the turning population is minimum. Most underdeveloped states in Asia are extremely populated and most of the people are below poorness line. The sums of nutrient produced are non plenty to run into the demand of huge population, so they import from other industrialised states that produces nutrient at a larger graduated table. Unless the population is non brought down, people particularly in developing states will go on to endure and Population populating below poorness line will increase. Population growing is hence regarded as the principal cause of poorness and destitute states of Asia and Africa suffer for privation of adequate nutrient to last, while developed states would most volitionally continue to contrive new and advanced engineering to bring forth more nutrient expeditiously and this will impact the Environment. So, both rich and hapless states contribute to debasement of Natural resources but in different ways. Fig 1.2: Graph demoing illustration of Growth of Population and Resources. In modern universe the calamity of parks can associate to Environmental issues such as Sustainability. The common jobs of todays societies are the consequence of assortments of resource jobs. The resources include H2O, land, and non-renewable energy beginnings such as oil and coal. The most recent illustration of depletion of wood is in the state of Madagascar. About 90 % of the wood is lost in Madagascar, ( CNN intelligence, 25-08-2012 ) . The chief cause of forest depletion is due to uncluttering of wood for agribusiness, and deforestation by forest fire ( slash and burn ) . The people hunt chiropterans in big figure and hence cause hapless pollenation procedure by natural pollinators. Originally the wood had highest concentration of forest species but due to over usage it has resulted in drastic loss in forest species. This happened chiefly due to hapless direction and the greed of people and most of the woods are non protected under jurisprudence. All these effects are as a conse quence of greed to bring forth more and devour more. The greed of human existences is beyond bound, because there are competitions from all degrees, globally and at the individual degrees. The impulse to go rich and better than others had led to debasement of natural resources. Figure 1.3 Graph demoing theoretical accounts of population growing taking to resource depletion, this can ensue in worsening nutrient production, industrial end product, and population. The planetary economic system uses those limited resources at an dismaying rate for economic development due to stiff competition faced by economic universe. The developed states over use the resources and creates inordinate pollution in the signifier of air, land and H2O. The pollution caused by those states knows no boundary and hence this affects the state that preserve and protects the environment. The impact on environment due to overdrive of natural resources can even be seen today. Most of the states in the universe focal point more on economic development and non on conserving and protecting the Environment. Those few states like Bhutan alternatively of concentrating more on developments puts a batch of attempt in protecting the environment, but can still experience the affect of pollution, ( climate alteration and green house consequence ) . Even hapless states focus more on economic development of their state to cut down poorness. The desire for privation of adequate nutrie nt or to vie with other states economically has about encouraged industrialised states to bring forth more and this has resulted in debasement of resources. Hence, most of the states act in their ain best ego involvements and ignore whats best for the universe. One of the life illustrations of depletion of resources is the Caspian Sea sturgeon preservation and piscaries. Caspian Sea is one of the largest bing Salt lakes in the universe. It is accumulated by 130 rivers changing in size and the rivers delivers about 79 % of the entire H2O while remainder is in the signifier of Atmospheric precipitation as rain ( 20.2 % ) and land H2O ( 0.8 % .On an Average the Caspian Sea salt ( incorporating salt ) is equal to 13 ppt. and it was categorized as a brackish H2O organic structure because of presence of unpleasant salt ( Klige and Mayagkov, 1992 ) . The huge Caspian Sea is rich in biodiversity and is place to around 1354 workss and carnal species and 122 fish species. The big staying sum of universe sturgeon ( sea and fresh H2O fish ) are besides in the Caspian sea and estimated 80 % to 90 % of caviar are produced and sold all around the world..At present a sum of 854 carnal species is recorded of which 53 are chiefly marine fish ( 43.5 % ) , 42 are fresh H2O species ( 34.4 % ) , 18 are anadromous species ( 7.4 % ) , ( kazancheyey, 1981 ) . About 25 different species form a group considered as commercially of import fish consisting of straddling stocks and they are distributed all over the Caspian Sea and their piscary requires co-management between member states for sustainable usage in future. However, harmonizing to the official statistics studies released showed that there was monolithic lessening in sturgeon resources from 28.5 thousand metric tons, 1985 to 1345 dozenss in 2005.The Caspian sea sturgeon resources have faced terrible fluctuation during the last century. Maximum sturgeon gimmick within the basin was 39400 metric tons in the beginning of twentieth century, ( Ivanov, et.al,1999 ) . Research conducted by Pourkazemi, 2006 reveals that during 1900 -1915 the mean sturgeon gimmick excepting supplies from Iran was 26.5 1000 metric tons. Sturgeon gimmicks declined drastically to 11000 metric tons during the period between 1920 and 1965, chiefly due to over catching of sturgeon juveniles and immature fish. The ground for rapid diminution was due to illegal fishing and poaching, and was partially recorded during the two universe wars but it was until the prostration of former Soviet Union that led to worsen in the resources due to miss of proper direction and control. In 1992 Commission of Aquatic Bio resources was established chiefly to develop a scheme to utilize and portion the resources rationally and to transport out the joint programme for preservation of the resources. In 1997 all sturgeon species were included into the CITES appendices ( COP-10, Harare ) , and was implemented in 1998. Several other joint programmes were besides developed to measure sturgeon stock, constitution of sturgeon gimmick and export quota and the preservation and proper direction of sturgeon resources. In a mean while several International Organization such as UNDP, FAO, European Commission and World Bank devel oped a regional programme to seek to work out resources state of affairs in the Caspian Sea. Despite all the understandings, ordinance and attempts put by all the regional and International Organizations, the job still remain unresolved and the sturgeon resources still face the hazard of terrible decrease. If the present regional and international strategies to cut sturgeon resources remain unsuccessful without any major betterment, the sturgeon species in the Caspian Sea pose a great menace of extinction in the hereafter. One of the possible solutions to the job is modulating the usage of resources and presenting the outwardnesss. One of the most common economical agencies of modulating a public good is through the infliction of revenue enhancements or levies to those responsible for debasement of natural resources. Examples include emanation and wastewater charges and user fees for waste disposal ( outwardnesss ) . Enforce more revenue enhancement on car industries who fail to fabricate pollution control autos. However, such attacks could be viewed negatively and unfavorable judgments will originate on policy shapers as money-raising exercisings. This is particularly the instance when the returns travel directly into general gross alternatively of being invested in ways to better direction of the resource. Another job with ordinance is that it does non assist to make any permanent consequence in the manner the resource is being used. It doesnt alteration peoples behavior. Regardless of what the ordin ances are or how they are being imposed, this attack is finally one of coercion and it relies upon public cooperation or a authorities willing to face sustained rebellion or work stoppage. Without general credence of the basic values behind the ordinance, or a common values system it can non work. Even in Bhutan the revenue enhancement imposed on import of cars from foreign states is in immense sum. The gross and imposts office collects revenue enhancements from boundary line town in Phuntsholing and those parts of revenue enhancements decidedly go for direction of Environment. Every twelvemonth all vehicles in Bhutan have to travel through emanation trial and required to pay for the services received. There is frequent look into up on the high manner by Traffic Police and functionaries from Road Safety and Transport Authority and if found without the emanation trial reception, a mulct will be charged and at some instant it may take to cancellation of vehicle enrollment. The Role of National Commission clearly states that the Agency is responsible to Prevent, control and abates environmental injury, including Pollution, ( Environmental Assessment Act, 2000 ) . Fig 1.4: Picture demoing old theoretical account vehicle providing on route doing pollution on the manner. The 2nd attack, spliting up the parks is into belongings rights. It attempts to maintain the unity O f the parks by curtailing entree to the resource so that it isnt wholly depleted. In add-on it offers a limited group of people the chance for personal addition if they manage the resource right. Its a method that is frequently used to fishing, where bounds are placed on the measures or types of fish allowed to be caught ; and in land glade, where quotas are set to stipulate how much land could be cleared yearly. It is besides being done through activities such as emanations merchandising. In Bhutan community forestry programme was introduced chiefly to apportion right to resource. Peoples in Bhutan, particularly those populating in rural countries, are largely dependent on forest in their daily activities. Community Forestry direction is introduced chiefly for sustainable usage and to cut down poorness. The Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan 1995 emphasized the rural commun ities in forestry services. It brought major alterations in forest direction by paving the manner for Community and Private Forestry. For the past few old ages at that place has been a enormous addition in the figure of community forest throughout Bhutan, with over 300 community woods and more go oning to set up. The community wood is supported by the National Forest Policy, the Forest and Nature Conservation Act and Rules of the Royal Government of Bhutan. Fig 1.5: Picture demoing Forest in Eastern Bhutan The Uncontrolled human population growing taking to over population is major job behind for development of environments to the extreme. Malthus had written 200 old ages ago that the power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the Earth to bring forth subsistence to adult male. Population when non controlled tends to increase in Geometric patterned advance. Malthus destiny of humanity is meaningless as the conservationist of today thinks. The efficient usage of resources by modern engineering and its improved medical patterns and the adequate supply of nutrient have brought down mortality enormously and accelerated the population growing rate. The Dramatic Increase in population has led to increased production of nutrient, shelter and vesture due to modern engineering. This evidently has led to worsen in ecology and inordinate loss in bio diverseness. During the last three centuries the population has accelerated at an dismaying rate. The population which took hundre d old ages for one billion populations to turn can now take merely 13 old ages for 1 billion populations to turn. Harmonizing statistics study from United Nations, population will duplicate in 2050 and it reveals that in 31st October last twelvemonth in 2011, population has reached 7 billion. An estimated 76 million people are added every twelvemonth and this is truly a serious job. Around 61 % of the population lives in Asia, with highest populated states of China with 1.3 billion and Indias population with 1 billion, 2002 estimation. This already shows that Earth can non defy the heavy population any longer. The lone solution is to cut down population by implementing programs and policies. This will enable the sustainable usage of the limited resources left by worlds for centuries. The democracy of China is one of the best illustrations for commanding population. The Growth rate of population in China is merely 0.6 and it has been revealed that in 2050 both China and India will ho ld an equal population with 1.6 billion each. The one kid policy in China brought down the population growing rate drastically over the old ages, ( www.prb.org, mid, 1999 ) . Jointing solutions to the calamity of the parks is one of the chief jobs of political Philosophy. In absence of enlightened opportunism, some signifier of authorization or federation is needed to work out the corporate action job. In a typical illustration, governmental ordinances can restrict the sum of a common good available for usage by any single. Permit systems for extractive economic activities including excavation, fishing, runing, farm animal and timber extraction are illustrations of this attack. Similarly, bounds to pollution are illustrations of governmental intercession. Alternatively, resource users themselves can collaborate to conserve the resource in the name of common benefit. Another solution for some resources is to change over common good into private belongings, giving the new proprietor a n inducement to implement its sustainability. This will hold more incentive to take attention of the private land and history for true cost. The cause of depletion of Natural Environment is due to Human Population. The Population is transcending the capacity of the Earth. Developing states in the universe are increasing population at an exponential rate and cause poorness, largely in Asian and African Countries. Human as compared to other life species are intelligent and are really good in utilizing resources and able to turn nutrient. However it has developed an pressing demand to increase resources to run into the demand of increasing Population. The impulse for privation of more and more nutrient for ingestion had encouraged the maximal usage of the limited resources. Depletion of Non renewable resources had reached its tallness, those resources one time used are gone everlastingly unlike the renewable resources like Air, Water and Land. The unsustainable usage of this resources will one twenty-four hours led to disappearing of the minerals and fossil fuels. Even the renewable resources are used to that extent that its being depleted faster than it can non be renewed. The increasing population uses the resources like ne'er used earlier because the degree of ingestion has increased drastically over times. The chief state of affairs of today is the inequalities among people and among the Nations. Most developing states have people below poorness line, even without basic necessities ( nutrient, H2O, shelter ) to last and besides these people live in hapless wellness conditions. This poorness state of affairs has allowed the people to concentrate on short-run endurance and these consequences in debasement of natural environment. The impacts on environment are contributed greatly by both developed and developing states. The Developed states of Japan, USA, Canada, Australia and other developed states contributes to around 18 % of the universes population but the usage of resources is beyond imaginativeness. Those developed states histories for around 88 % usage of resources around the universe and produces 75 % of the universes waste. The developing states of Asia, Africa and South American portions around 82 % of the universes population and still turning, and this will hold increasing impact on environment. Despite the high and increasing population in hapless states the sum of resource used is merely 12 % and generates waste of merely 25 % . However both rich and hapless have high impact on environment but in different ways ( Miller, G.T and Spool adult male, 2010 ) . Today, universe is confronting many jobs due to impact on environment, but there is no effectual solution to work out these serious jobs. The universe is at the phase of quandary and there is no option left, either to allow increasing population below poorness line to hunger to decease or utilize the resources left and so confront the effects. Peoples know what the conseque nce it will take to and the dismaying rate of population growing will be expected to duplicate in 2050 and the force per unit area on resources is increasing excessively. However on positive side engineering is progressing fast to undertake with societal and environmental jobs and it has proven over the old ages. Whatever the effects it could take to, merely clip will state, for the minute merely delay and ticker where these present human action will take to. Nothing is impossible and there is ever a solution for everything. Necessity is mother of innovations, Esther Bosrup